The Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Promoter-Binding Protein RFX (NF-X) Is a Methylated DNA-Binding Protein

REFERENCES

• Andersson, G., and B. M. Peterlin. 1990. NF-X3 that binds to the DRA X2-box is activator protein 1. J. Immunol. 145:3456–3462.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asiedu, C. K., P. C. Supakar, and M. Ehrlich. 1991. End-filling of an oligonucleotide duplex containing an MDBP site in the human HSP70 promoter inhibits protein-DNA complex formation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 178:927–933.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ben-Levy, R., O. Faktor, I. Berger, and Y. Shaul. 1989. Cellular factors that interact with the hepatitis B virus enhancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:1804–1809.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benoist, C., and D. Mathis. 1990. Regulation of major histocompatibility complex class-II genes: X, Y, and other letters of the alphabet. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 8:681–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boothby, M., H.-C. Liou, and L. H. Glimcher. 1989. Differences in DNA sequence specificity among MHC class II X box binding proteins. J. Immunol. 142:1005–1014.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calman, A. F., and B. M. Peterlin. 1988. Evidence for a trans-acting factor that regulates the transcription of class II major histocompatibility complex genes: genetic and functional analysis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8830–8834.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Courtois, G., S. Baumhueter, and G. R. Crabtree. 1988. Purified hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 interacts with a family of hepatocyte-specific promoters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:7937–7941.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dignam, J. D., R. M. Lebovitz, and R. G. Roeder. 1983. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 11:1475–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dikstein, R., O. Faktor, R. Ben-Levy, and Y. Shaul. 1990. Functional organization of the hepatitis B virus enhancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:3683–3689.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ehrlich, M., and K. C. Ehrlich. 1993. Effect of DNA methylation on the binding of vertebrate and plant proteins to DNA, p. 145-168. In J. P. Jost and H. P. Saluz (ed.), DNA methylation: molecular biology and biological significance. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrlich, M., X.-Y. Zhang, C. K. Asiedu, R. Khan, and P. C. Supakar. 1990. Methylated DNA-binding protein from mammalian cells, p. 351-365. In G. A. Clawson, D. B. Willis, A. Weissbach, and P. Jones (ed.), Nucleic acid methylation. Wileyliss, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Ghazal, P., H. Lubon, B. Fleckenstein, and L. Hennighausen. 1987. Binding of transcription factors and creation of a large nucleoprotein complex on the human cytomegalovirus enhancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:3658–3662.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hasegawa, S. L., and J. M. Boss. 1991. Two B cell factors bind the HLA-DRA X box region and recognize different subsets of HILA class II promotors. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:6269–6276.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hasegawa, S. L., J. H. Sloan, W. Reith, B. Mach, and J. M. Boss. 1991. Regulatory factor-X binding to mutant HLA-DRA promoter sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:1243–1249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hodges-Garcia, Y., and P. J. Hagerman. 1992. Cytosine methylation can induce local distortions in the structure of duplex DNA. Biochemistry 31:7595–7599.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang, L.-H., R. Wang, M. A. Gama-Sosa, S. Shenoy, and M. Ehrlich. 1984. A protein from human nuclei binds preferentially to 5-methylcytosine-rich DNA. Nature (London) 308:293–295.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karpen, S., R. Banerjee, A. Zelent, P. Price, and G. Acs. 1988. Identification of protein-binding sites in the hepatitis B virus enhancer and core promoter domains. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:5169–5165.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, R., X.-Y. Zhang, P. C. Supakar, K. C. Ehrlich, and M. Ehrlich. 1988. Human methylated DNA-binding protein: determinants of a pBR322 recognition site. J. Biol. Chem. 263:14374–14383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kouskoff, V., R. M. Mantovani, S. M. Candeias, A. Dorn, A. Staub, B. Lisowska-Grospierre, C. Grisceili, C. O. Benoist, and D. J. Mathis. 1991. NF-X, a transcription factor implicated in MHC class II gene regulation. J. Immunol. 146:3197–3204.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsushima, G. K., Y. Itoh-Lindstrom, and J. P.-Y. Ting. 1992. Activation of the HLA-DRA gene in primary human T lymphocytes: novel usage of TATA and the X and Y promoter elements. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:5610–5619.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohlsson, H., O. Karisson, and T. Edmund. 1988. A beta-cellspecific protein binds to the two major regulatory sequences of the insulin gene enhancer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4228–4231.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ostapchuk, P., G. Scheirle, and P. Hearing. 1989. Binding of nuclear factor EF-C to a functional domain of the hepatitis B virus enhancer region. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:2787–2797.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peterlin, B. M., G. Andersson, E. Lotscher, and S. Tsang. 1990. Transcriptional regulation of HLA class-II genes. Immunol. Res. 9:164–177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pugliatti, L., J. Derre, R. Berger, C. Ucla, W. Reith, and B. Mach. 1992. The genes for MHC class II regulatory factors RFX1 and RFX2 are located on the short arm of chromosome 19. Genomics 13:1307–1310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reith, W., E. Barras, S. Satola, M. Kobr, C. H. Sanchez, and B. Mach. 1989. Cloning of the major histocompatibility complex class II promoter binding protein affected in a hereditary defect in class II gene regulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:4200–4204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reith, W., C. Herrero-Sanchez, M. Kobr, P. Silacci, C. Berte, E. Barras, S. Fey, and B. Mach. 1990. MHC class II regulatory factor RFX has a novel DNA-binding domain and a functionally independent dimerization domain. Genes Dev. 4:1528–1540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safrany, G., and R. P. Perry. Transcription factor RFX1 helps control the promoter of the mouse ribosomal protein-encoding gene rpL30 by binding to its a-element. Gene, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez, C. H., W. Reith, P. Silacci, and B. Mach. 1992. The DNA-binding defect observed in major histocompatibility complex class II regulatory mutants concerns only one member of a family of complexes binding to the X boxes of class II promoters. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:4076–4083.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherman, P. A., P. V. Basta, T. L. Moore, A. M. Brown, and J. P.-Y. Ting. 1989. Class II box consensus sequences in the HLA-DRa gene: transcriptional function and interaction with nuclear proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:50–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Supakar, P. C., D. Weist, D. Zhang, N. Inamdar, X.-Y. Zhang, R. Khan, K. C. Ehrlich, and M. Ehrlich. 1988. Methylated DNA-binding protein is present in various mammalian cell types. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:8029–8044.
   Google Scholar
• Supakar, P. C., X.-Y. Zhang, S. Githens, R. Khan, K. C. Ehrlich, and M. Ehrlich. 1989. How different DNA sequences are recognized by a DNA-binding protein: effects of partial proteolysis. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:8611–8629.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsang, S. Y., M. Nakanishi, and B. M. Peterlin. 1988. B-cellspecific and interferon-ℽ-inducible regulation of the HLA-DRα gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:8598–8602.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsang, S. Y., M. Nakanishi, and B. M. Peterlin. 1990. Mutational analysis of the DRA promoter: cis-acting sequences and trans-acting factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:711–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voliva, C. F., A. Aronheim, M. D. Walker, and B. M. Peterlin. 1992. B-cell factor 1 is required for optimal expression of the DRA promoter in B cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12:2383–2390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, R. Y.-H., X.-Y. Zhang, and M. Ehrlich. 1986. A human DNA binding protein is methylation-specific and sequencespecific. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:1599–1614.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiedemann, L. M., and R. P. Perry. 1984. Characterization of the expressed gene and several processed pseudogenes for the mouse ribosomal protein L30 gene family. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:2518–2528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, K. L., and J. P.-Y. Ting. 1992. In vivo footprint analysis of the HLA-DRA gene promoter: cell-specific interaction at the octamer site and up-regulation of X box binding by interferon ℽ. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7601–7605.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamanashi, Y., S.-I. Fukushige, K. Semba, J. Sukegawa, N. Miyajima, K.-I. Matsubara, T. Yamamoto, and K. Toyoshima. 1987. The yes-related cellular gene lyn encodes a possible tyrosine kinase similar to p56lck. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:237–243.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zajac-Kaye, M., E. P. Gelmann, and D. Levens. 1988. A point mutation in the c-myc locus of a Burkitt lymphoma abolishes binding of a nuclear protein. Science 240:1776–1780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajac-Kaye, M., and D. Levens. 1990. Phosphorylation-dependent binding of a 138-kDa myc intron factor to a regulatory element in the first intron of the c-myc gene. J. Biol. Chem. 265:4547–4551.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, X.-Y., C. K. Asiedu, P. C. Supakar, and M. Ehrlich. 1992. Increasing the activity of affinity-purified DNA-binding proteins by adding high concentrations of nonspecific proteins. Anal. Biochem. 201:366–374.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, X.-Y., C. K. Asiedu, P. C. Supakar, R. Khan, K. C. Ehrlich, and M. Ehrlich. 1990. Binding sites in mammalian genes and viral gene regulatory regions recognized by methylated DNA-binding protein. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:6253–6260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, X.-Y., N. M. Inamdar, P. C. Supakar, R. Khan, K. Wu, K. C. Ehrlich, and M. Ehrlich. 1991. Three MDBP sites in the enhancer-promoter region of human cytomegalovirus. Virology 182:865–869.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, X.-Y., P. C. Supakar, R. Khan, K. C. Ehrlich, and M. Ehrlich. 1989. Related sites in human and herpes virus DNA recognized by methylated DNA-binding protein from human placenta. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:1459–1474.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang, X.-Y., P. C. Supakar, K. Wu, K. C. Ehrlich, and M. Ehrlich. 1990. An MDBP site in the first intron of the human c-myc gene. Cancer Res. 50:6865–6859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar