2
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Transcriptional Regulation

In Vivo and in Vitro Analysis of Transcriptional Activation Mediated by the Human Cytomegalovirus Major Immediate-Early Proteins

, , &
Pages 1238-1250 | Received 30 Sep 1992, Accepted 16 Nov 1992, Published online: 01 Apr 2023

References

  • Abmayr, S. Μ., J. L. Workman, and R. G. Roeder. 1988. The pseudorabies immediate early protein stimulates in vitro transcription by facilitating TFIID: promoter interactions. Genes Dev. 2:542–553.
  • Alford, C. A., and W. J. Britt. 1990. Cytomegalovirus, p. 1981–2010. In B. N. Fields and D. Μ. Knipe (ed.), Virology, 2nd ed. Raven Press, New York.
  • Baracchini, E., E. Glezer, K. Fish, R. Μ. Stenberg, J. A. Nelson, and P. Ghazal. 1992. An isoform variant of the cytomegalovirus immediate-early autorepressor functions as a transcriptional activator. Virology 188:518–529.
  • Barry, P. A., E. Pratt-Lowe, B. Μ. Peterlin, and P. A. Luciw. 1990. Cytomegalovirus activates transcription directed by the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 64:2932–2940.
  • Biegalke, B. J., and A. P. Geballe. 1991. Sequence requirements for activation of the HIV-1 LTR by human cytomegalovirus. Virology 183:381–385.
  • Bradford, Μ. Μ. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72:248–254.
  • Bunch, T. A., Y. Grinblat, and L. S. B. Goldstein. 1988. Characterization and use of the Drosophila metallothionein promoter in cultured Drosophila melanogaster cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 16:1043–1057.
  • Cereghini, S., and Μ. Yaniv. 1984. Assembly of transfected DNA into chromatin: structural changes in the origin-promoter-enhancer region upon replication. EMBO J. 3:1243–1253.
  • Chang, C.-P., C. L. Malone, and Μ. F. Stinski. 1989. A human cytomegalovirus early gene has three inducible promoters that are regulated differentially at various times after infection. J. Virol. 63:281–290.
  • Cherrington, J. Μ., E. L. Khoury, and E. S. Mocarski. 1991. Human cytomegalovirus IE2 negatively regulates α gene expression via a short target sequence near the transcription start site. J. Virol. 65:887–896.
  • Cherrington, J. Μ., and E. S. Mocarski. 1989. Human cytomegalovirus IE1 transactivates the α promoter-enhancer via an 18-base-pair repeat element. J. Virol. 63:1435–1440.
  • Colberg-Poley, A. Μ., L. D. Santomenna, P. P. Harlow, P. A. Benfield, and D. J. Tenney. 1992. Human cytomegalovirus US3 and UL36-38 immediate-early proteins regulate gene expression. J. Virol. 66:95–105.
  • Cromlish, W. A., S. M. Abmayr, J. L. Workman, Μ. Horikoshi, and R. G. Roeder. 1989. Transcriptionally active immediate-early protein of pseudorabies virus binds to specific sites on class II gene promoters. J. Virol. 63:1869–1876.
  • Croston, G. E., L. A. Kerrigan, L. Μ. Lira, D. R. Marshak, and J. T. Kadonaga. 1991. Sequence-specific antirepression of histone H1-mediated inhibition of basal RNA polymerase II transcription. Science 251:643–649.
  • Davis, Μ. G., S. C. Kenney, J. Kamine, J. S. Pagano, and E.-S. Huang. 1987. Immediate-early gene region of human cytomegalovirus trans-activates the promoter of human immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:8642–8646.
  • DeMarchi, J. Μ. 1981. Human cytomegalovirus DNA: restriction enzyme cleavage and map locations for immediate early, early and late RNAs. Virology 114:23–28.
  • DeMarchi, J. Μ. 1983. Posttranscriptional control of human cytomegalovirus gene expression. Virology 124:390–402.
  • Depto, A. S., and R. Μ. Stenberg. 1989. Regulated expression of the human cytomegalovirus pp65 gene: octamer sequence in the promoter is required for activation by viral gene products. J. Virol. 63:1232–1238.
  • Dignam, J. D., R. Μ. Lebovitz, and R. G. Roeder. 1983. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 11:1475–1489.
  • Everett, R. D. 1984. A detailed analysis of an HSV-1 early promoter: sequences involved in transactivation by viral immediate-early gene products are not early-gene specific. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:3037–3056.
  • Feldman, L. T., Μ. J. Imperiale, and J. R. Nevins. 1982. Activation of early adenovirus transcription by the herpesvirus immediate early gene: evidence for a common cellular control factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:4952–4956.
  • Felsenfeld, G. 1992. Chromatin as an essential part of the transcriptional mechanism. Nature (London) 355:219–224.
  • Ghazal, P. J., E. Young, C. Giulietti, C. DeMattei, J. Garcia, R. Gaynor, R. Μ. Stenberg, and J. A. Nelson. 1991. A discrete cis element in the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat mediates synergistic trans activation by cytomegalovirus immediate-early proteins. J. Virol. 65:6735–6742.
  • Gorman, C. Μ., L. F. Moffat, and B. H. Howard. 1982. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:1044–1051.
  • Guan, K.-L., and J. E. Dixon. 1991. Eukaryotic proteins expressed in Escherichia coli: an improved thrombin cleavage and purification procedure of fusion proteins with glutathione-5-transferase. Anal. Biochem. 192:262–267.
  • Hagemeier, C., S. Walker, R. Caswell, T. Kouzarides, and J. Sinclair. 1992. The human cytomegalovirus 80-kilodalton but not the 72-kilodalton immediate-early protein transactivates heterologous promoters in a TATA box-dependent mechanism and interacts directly with TFIID. J. Virol. 66:4452–4456.
  • Heiermann, R., and O. Pongs. 1985. In vitro transcription with extracts of nuclei of Drosophila embryos. Nucleic Acids Res. 13:2709–2730.
  • Hermiston, T. W., C. L. Malone, and Μ. F. Stinski. 1990. Human cytomegalovirus immediate-early two-protein region involved in negative regulation of the major immediate-early promoter. J. Virol. 64:3532–3536.
  • Hermiston, T. W., C. L. Malone, P. R. Witte, and Μ. F. Stinski. 1987. Identification and characterization of the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early region 2 gene that stimulates gene expression from an inducible promoter. J. Virol. 61:3214–3232.
  • Horikoshi, N., K. Maguire, A. Kralli, E. Maldonado, D. Reinberg, and R. Weinmann. 1991. Direct interaction between adenovirus ElA protein and the TATA box binding transcription factor IID. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:5124–5128.
  • Imperiale, Μ. J., L. T. Feldman, and J. R. Nevins. 1983. Activation of gene expression by adenovirus and herpesvirus regulatory genes acting in trans and by a cis-acting adenovirus enhancer element. Cell 35:127–136.
  • Ingles, C. J., Μ. Shales, W. D. Cress, S. J. Triezenberg, and J. Greenblatt. 1991. Reduced binding of TFIID to transcriptionally compromised mutants of VP16. Nature (London) 351:588–590.
  • Jahn, G., E. Knust, H. Schmulla, T. Jarre, J. A. Nelson, J. K. McDougall, and B. Fleckenstein. 1984. Predominant immediate-early transcripts of human cytomegalovirus AD169. J. Virol. 49:363–370.
  • Jahn, G., J. A. Nelson, B. Plachter, J. K. McDougall, and B. Fleckenstein. 1984. Transcription of a human cytomegalovirus DNA region which is capable of transforming rodent cells. UCLA Symp. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21:455–463.
  • Kadonaga, J. T. 1990. Assembly and disassembly of the Drosophila RNA polymerase II complex during transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 265:2624–2631.
  • Kamakaka, R. T., C. Μ. Tyree, and J. T. Kadonaga. 1991. Accurate and efficient RNA polymerase II transcription with soluble nuclear fraction derived from Drosophila embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:1024–1028.
  • Kerrigan, L. A., G. E. Croston, L. Μ. Lira, and J. T. Kadonaga. 1991. Sequence-specific transcriptional antirepression of the Drosophila Krüppel gene by the GAGA factor. J. Biol. Chem. 266:574–582.
  • Klucher, K. Μ. 1992. Ph.D. thesis. University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.
  • Klucher, K. Μ., D. K. Rabert, and D. H. Spector. 1989. Sequences in the human cytomegalovirus 2.7-kilobase RNA promoter which mediate its regulation as an early gene. J. Virol. 63:5334–5343.
  • Klucher, K. Μ., and D. H. Speetor. Unpublished data.
  • Knezetic, J. A., and D. S. Luse. 1986. The presence of nucleosomes on a DNA template prevents initiation by RNA polymerase II in vitro. Cell 45:95–104.
  • Kuhn, A., and I. Grummt. 1992. Dual role of nucleolar transcription factor UBF: transactivator and antirepressor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7340–7344.
  • Laemmli, U. K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature (London) 227:680–685.
  • LaFemina, R. L., and G. S. Hayward. 1980. Structural organization of the DNA molecules from human cytomegalovirus. ICN-UCLA Symp. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:39–55.
  • Laybourn, P. J., and J. T. Kadonaga. 1991. Role of nucleosomal cores and histone H1 in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Science 254:238–245.
  • Laybourn, P. J., and J. T. Kadonaga. 1992. Threshold phenomena and long-distance activation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Science 257:1682–1685.
  • Lee, W. S., C. C. Kao, G. O. Bryant, X. Liu, and A. J. Berk. 1991. Adenovirus ElA activation domain binds the basic repeat in the TATA box transcription factor. Cell 67:365–376.
  • Lin, Y.-S., and Μ. R. Green. 1991. Mechanism of action of an acidic transcriptional activator in vitro. Cell 64:971–981.
  • Lin, Y.-S., I. Ha, E. Maldonado, D. Reinberg, and Μ. R. Green. 1991. Binding of general transcription factor TFIIB to an acidic activating region. Nature (London) 353:569–571.
  • Liu, B., T. W. Hermiston, and Μ. F. Stinski. 1991. A cis-acting element in the major immediate-early (IE) promoter of human cytomegalovirus is required for negative regulation by IE2. J. Virol. 65:897–903.
  • Liu, F., and Μ. R. Green. 1990. A specific member of the ATF transcription factor family can mediate transcription activation by the adenovirus E1A protein. Cell 61:1217–1224.
  • Lorch, Y., J. W. LaPointe, and R. D. Kornberg. 1987. Nucleosomes inhibit the initiation of transcription but allow chain elongation with the displacement of histones. Cell 49:203–210.
  • Malone, C. L., D. H. Vesole, and Μ. F. Stinski. 1990. Transactivation of human cytomegalovirus early promoters by gene products from the immediate-early gene IE2 and augmentation by IE1: mutational analysis of the viral proteins. J. Virol. 64:1498–1506.
  • Matsui, T. 1987. Transcription of adenovirus 2 major late and peptide IX genes under conditions of in vitro nucleosome assembly. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:1401–1408.
  • Maxam, A. Μ., and W. Gilbert. 1980. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base-specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 65:499–560.
  • McDonough, S. H., and D. H. Spector. 1983. Transcription in human fibroblasts permissively infected by human Cytomegalo-virus strain AD169. Virology 125:31–46.
  • Michael, N., D. J. Spector, P. Mavromara-Nazos, T. Μ. Kristie, and B. Roizman. 1988. The DNA-binding properties of the major regulatory protein α4 of herpes simplex viruses. Science 239:1531–1534.
  • Muller, Μ. T. 1987. Binding of the herpes simplex virus immediate-early gene product ICP4 to its own transcription start site. J. Virol. 61:858–865.
  • Nankervis, G. A., and Μ. L. Kumar. 1978. Diseases produced by cytomegaloviruses. Med. Clin. N. Am. 62:1021–1035.
  • Paya, C. V., J.-L. Virelizier, and S. Michelson. 1991. Modulation of T-cell activation through protein kinase C- or A-dependent signalling pathways synergistically increases human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat induction by cytomegalovirus immediate-early proteins. J. Virol. 65:5477–5484.
  • Pizzorno, Μ. C., and G. S. Hayward. 1990. The IE2 gene products of human cytomegalovirus specifically down-regulate expression from the major immediate-early promoter through a target sequence located near the cap site. J. Virol. 64:6154–6165.
  • Pizzorno, Μ. C., M.-A. Mullen, Y.-N. Chang, and G. S. Hayward. 1991. The functionally active IE2 immediate-early regulatory protein of human cytomegalovirus is an 80-kilodalton polypeptide that contains two distinct activator domains and a duplicated nuclear localization signal. J. Virol. 65:3839–3852.
  • Pizzorno, Μ. C., P. O’Hare, L. Sha, R. L. LaFemina, and G. S. Hayward. 1988. trans-Activation and autoregulation of gene expression by immediate-early 2 gene products of human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 62:1167–1179.
  • Plachter, B., B. Traupe, J. Albrecht, and G. Jahn. 1988. Abundant 5 kb RNA of human cytomegalovirus without a major translational reading frame. J. Gen. Virol. 69:2251–2266.
  • Preiss, A., U. B. Rosenberg, A. Kienlin, E. Seifert, and H. Jäckie. 1985. Molecular genetics of Krüppel, a gene required for segmentation of the Drosophila embryo. Nature (London) 313:27–32.
  • Puchtler, E., and T. Stamminger. 1991. An inducible promoter mediates abundant expression from the immediate-early 2 gene region of human cytomegalovirus at late times after infection. J. Virol. 65:6301–6303.
  • Rando, R. F., A. Srinivasan, J. Feingold, E. Gonczol, and S. Plotkin. 1990. Characterization of multiple molecular interactions between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Virology 176:87–97.
  • Reeves, R., C. Μ. Gorman, and B. Howard. 1985. Minichromosome assembly by non-integrated plasmid DNA transfected into mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 13:3599–3615.
  • Sambucetti, L. C., J. Μ. Cherrington, G. W. G Wilkinson, and E. S. Mocarski. 1989. NF-κB activation of the cytomegalovirus enhancer is mediated by a viral transactivator and by T cell stimulation. EMBO J. 8:4251–4258.
  • Sanger, F., S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463–5467.
  • Schwartz, R., and D. H. Spector. Unpublished data.
  • Shapiro, D. J., P. A. Sharp, W. W. Wahli, and Μ. J. Keller. 1988. A high-efficiency HeLa cell nuclear transcription extract. DNA 7:47–55.
  • Spector, D. H., L. Hoek, and J. C. Tamashiro. 1982. Cleavage maps for human cytomegalovirus DNA strain AD169 for restriction endonucleases EcoRI, BglII, and HindIII. J. Virol. 42:558–582.
  • Spector, D. J., and Μ. J. Tevethia. 1986. Identification of a human cytomegalovirus DNA segment that complements an adenovirus 5 immediate early mutant. Virology 151:329–338.
  • Staprans, S. I., D. K. Rabert, and D. H. Spector. 1988. Identification of sequence requirements and trans-acting functions necessary for regulated expression of a human cytomegalovirus early gene. J. Virol. 62:3463–3473.
  • Staprans, S. I., and D. H. Spector. 1986. 2.2-Kilobase class of early transcripts encoded by human cytomegalovirus strain AD169. J. Virol. 57:591–602.
  • Stenberg, R. Μ., A. S. Depto, J. Fortney, and J. A. Nelson. 1989. Regulated expression of early and late RNAs and proteins from the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene region. J. Virol. 63:2699–2708.
  • Stenberg, R. Μ., J. Fortney, S. W. Barlow, B. P. Magrane, J. A. Nelson, and P. Ghazal. 1990. Promoter-specific trans activation and repression by human cytomegalovirus immediate-early proteins involves common and unique protein domains. J. Virol. 64:1556–1565.
  • Stenberg, R. Μ., D. R. Thomsen, and Μ. F. Stinski. 1984. Structural analysis of the major immediate-early gene of human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 49:190–199.
  • Stenberg, R. Μ., P. R. Witte, and Μ. F. Stinski. 1985. Multiple spliced and unspliced transcripts from human cytomegalovirus immediate-early region 2 and evidence for a common initiation site within immediate-early region 1. J. Virol. 56:665–675.
  • Stinski, Μ. F. 1978. Sequence of protein synthesis in cells infected by human cytomegalovirus: early and late virus-induced polypeptides. J. Virol. 26:686–701.
  • Stinski, Μ. F., D. R. Thomsen, R. Μ. Stenberg, and L. C. Goldstein. 1983. Organization and expression of the immediate-early genes of human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 46:1–14.
  • Stringer, K. F., C. J. Ingles, and J. Greenblatt. 1990. Direct and selective binding of an acidic activation domain to the TATA-box factor TFIID. Nature (London) 345:783–786.
  • Tevethia, Μ. J., and D. J. Spector. 1984. Complementation of an adenovirus 5 immediate early mutant by human cytomegalovirus. Virology 137:428–431.
  • Tevethia, Μ. J., D. J. Spector, K. Μ. Leisure, and Μ. F. Stinski. 1987. Participation of two human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene regions in transcriptional activation of adenovirus promoters. Virology 161:276–285.
  • Tsutsui, Y., and T. Nogami-Satake. 1990. Differential expression of the major immediate early gene of human cytomegalovirus. J. Gen. Virol. 71:115–124.
  • Walker, S., C. Hagemeier, J. G. P Sissons, and J. H. Sinclair. 1992. A 10-base-pair element of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat (LTR) is an absolute requirement for transactivation by the human cytomegalovirus 72-kilodalton IE1 protein but can be compensated for by other LTR regions in transactivation by the 80-kilodalton IE2 protein. J. Virol. 66:1543–1550.
  • Wathen, Μ. W., and Μ. F. Stinski. 1982. Temporal patterns of human cytomegalovirus transcription: mapping the viral RNAs synthesized at immediate-early, early, and late times after infection. J. Virol. 41:462–477.
  • Wathen, Μ. W., D. R. Thomsen, and Μ. F. Stinski. 1981. Temporal regulation of human cytomegalovirus transcription at immediate early and early times after infection. J. Virol. 38:446–451.
  • Weintraub, H. 1985. Assembly and propagation of repressed and derepressed chromosomal states. Cell 42:705–711.
  • Wilkinson, G. W. G., A. Akrigg, and P. J. Greenaway. 1984. Transcription of the immediate early genes of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169. Virus Res. 1:101–116.
  • Workman, J. L., S. Μ. Abmayr, W. A. Cromlish, and R. G. Roeder. 1988. Transcriptional regulation by the immediate early protein of pseudorabies virus during in vitro nucleosome assembly. Cell 55:211–219.
  • Workman, J. L., and R. G. Roeder. 1987. Binding of transcription factor TFIID to the major late promoter during in vitro nucleosome assembly potentiates subsequent initiation by RNA polymerase II. Cell 51:613–622.
  • Workman, J. L., R. G. Roeder, and R. E. Kingston. 1990. An upstream transcription factor, USF (MLTF), facilitates the formation of preinitiation complexes during in vitro chromatin assembly. EMBO J. 9:1299–1308.
  • Workman, J. L., I. A. C Taylor, and R. E. Kingston. 1991. Activation domains of stably bound GAL4 derivatives alleviate repression of promoters by nucleosomes. Cell 64:533–544.
  • Wright, D. A., and D. H. Spector. 1989. Posttranscriptional regulation of a class of human cytomegalovirus phosphoproteins encoded by an early transcription unit. J. Virol. 63:3117–3127.
  • Wright, D. A., S. I. Staprans, and D. H. Spector. 1988. Four phosphoproteins with common amino termini are encoded by human cytomegalovirus AD169. J. Virol. 62:331–340.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.