The Proximal Promoter of the Mouse Arrestin Gene Directs Gene Expression in Photoreceptor Cells and Contains an Evolutionarily Conserved Retinal Factor-Binding Site

REFERENCES

• Albini, A., J. Toffenetti, Z. Zhen, G. J. Chader, and D. M. Noonan. 1990. Hypomethylation of the interphotoreceptor reti-noid-binding protein (IRBP) promoter and first exon is linked to expression of the gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:5181–5187.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baker, N. E., M. Mlodzik, and G. M. Rubin. 1990. Spacing differentiation in the developing Drosophila eye; a fibrinogen-related lateral inhibitor encoded by scabrous. Science 250:1370–1377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, N., and A. Sitaramayya. 1988. Inactivation of photoex-cited rhodopsin in retinal rods: the roles of rhodopsin kinase and 48-kDa protein (arrestin). Biochemistry 27:1710–1715.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bloomquist, B. T., R. D. Shortridge, S. Schneuwly, M. Perdew, C. Montell, H. Steller, G. Rubin, and W. L. Pak. 1988. Isolation of a putative phospholipase C gene of Drosophila, norpA, and its role in phototransduction. Cell 54:723–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitman, M. L., S. Clapoff, J. Rossant, L.-C. Tsui, L. M. Glode, M. L. Maxwell, and A. Bernstein. 1987. Genetic ablation: targeted expression of a toxin gene causes microphthalmia in transgenic mice. Science 238:1563–1565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitman, M. L., M. Tsuda, J. Usukura, T. Kikuchi, A. Zucconi, W. Khoo, and T. Shinohara. 1991. Expression of S-antigen in retina, pineal gland, lens, and brain is directed by 5'-flanking sequences. J. Biol. Chem. 266:15505–15510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brent, G. A., D. D. Moore, and P. R. Larsen. 1991. Thyroid hormone regulation of gene expression. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 53:17–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, C.-C, T. Kikuchi, T. Shinohara, and R. B. Nussenblatt. 1992. Enhancement of S-antigen and its mRNA in the irides of uveitic patients. J. Autoimmun. 5:719–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, R. M. 1988. The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Science 240:889–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faure, J. P. 1980. Autoimmunity and the retina. Curr. Top. Eye Res. 2:215–302.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fortini, M., and M. G. Rubin. 1990. Analysis of cw-acting requirements of the Rh3 and Rh4 genes reveals a bipartite organization to rhodopsin promoters in Drosophila melanogaster. Gene Dev. 4:444–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukada, Y., T. Yoshizaya, T. Saito, H. Ohguro, and T. Akino. 1990. Binding of GTP to transducin is not inhibited by arrestin and phosphorylated rhodopsin. FEBS Lett. 261:419–422.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaul, U., G. Mardon, and G. M. Rubin. 1992. A putative Ras GTPase activating protein acts as a negative regulator of signaling by the sevenless receptor tyrosine kinase. Cell 68:1007–1019.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorman, C. M., L. F. Moffat, and B. H. Howard. 1982. Recombinant genomes which express chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2:1044–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorski, K., M. Carneiro, and U. Schibler. 1986. Tissue-specific in vitro transcription from the mouse albumin promoter. Cell 47:767–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, S., and P. Chambon. 1988. Nuclear receptors enhance our understanding of transcription regulation. Trends Genet. 4:309–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafen, E., K. Basler, J. E. Edstroem, and G. M. Rubin. 1987. Sevenless, a cell-specific homeotic gene of Drosophila, encodes a putative transmembrane receptor with tyrosine kinase domain. Science 236:55–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hendrickson, W., and R. Schleif. 1985. A dimer of AraC protein contacts three adjacent major groove regions at the Ara I DNA site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:3129–3133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan, B., F. Costatini, and E. Lacy. 1986. Manipulating the mouse embryo: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Lab-oratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Hwung, Y.-P., D. T. Crowe, L.-H. Wang, S. Y. Tsai, and M.-J. Tsai. 1988. The COUP transcription factor binds to an upstream promoter element of the rat insulin II gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2070–2077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyde, D. R., K. L. Mecklenburg, J. A. Pollock, T. S. Vihtelic, and S. Benzer. 1990. Twenty Drosophila visual system cDNA clones: one is a homolog of human arrestin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1008–1012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalb, V. F., Jr., and R. W. Bernlohr. 1977. A new spectropho-tometric assay for protein in cell extracts. Anal. Biochem. 82:362–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanehisa, M.. 1986. Integrated database and extended analysis system for nucleic acid and proteins. National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Md.
   Google Scholar
• Kikuchi, T., and T. Shinohara. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Kramer, H., R. L. Cagan, and S. L. Zipursky. 1991. Interaction of bride of sevenless membrane-bound ligand and the sevenless tyrosin-kinase receptor. Nature (London) 352:207–212.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuhn, H., and U. Wilden. 1987. Deactivation of photoactivated rhodopsin by rhodopsin-kinase and arrestin. J. Recept. Res. 7:283–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maniatis, T., E. F. Fritsch, and J. Sambrook. 1982. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Maxam, A. M., and W. Gilbert. 1977. A new method for sequencing DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:560–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mlodzik, M., Y. Hiromi, U. Weber, C. S. Goodman, and G. M Rubin. 1990. The Drosophila seven-up gene, a member of the steroid receptor gene superfamily, controls photoreceptor cell fates. Cell 60:211–224.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montell, C., and G. M. Rubin. 1988. The Drosophila ninaC locus encodes two photoreceptor cell specific proteins with domains homologous to protein kinase and the myosin heavy chain head. Cell 52:757–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montell, C., and G. M. Rubin. 1989. Molecular characterization of the Drosophila trp locus: a putative integral membrane protein required for phototransduction. Neuron 2:1313–1323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morabito, M. A., X. Yu, and C. J. Barnstable. 1991. Character-ization of developmentally regulated and retina-specific nuclear protein binding to a site in the upstream region of the rat opsin gene. J. Biol. Chem. 266:9667–9672.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nickerson, J., and G. Liou. Personal communication.
   Google Scholar
• O'Tousa, J. E., W. Baehr, R. L. Martin, J. Hirsh, W. L. Pak, and M. L. Applebury. 1985. The Drosophila ninaE gene encodes on opsin. Cell 40:839–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanger, F., S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463–5467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinohara, T., B. Dietzschold, M. C. Craft, G. Wistow, J. J. Early, L. A. Donoso, J. Horwitz, and R. Tao. 1987. Primary and secondary structure of bovine retinal S-antigen (48-kDa protein). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6975–6979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinohara, T., L. A. Donoso, M. Tsuda, K. Yamaki, and V. K. Singh. 1988. S-antigen: structure, function and experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). p. 51–66. In N. Osborne and J. Chader (ed.), Progress in retinal research, vol. 8. Pergamon Press, Inc., Elmsford, N.Y..
   Google Scholar
• Shinohara, T., T. Kikuchi, M. Tsuda, and K. Yamaki. 1992. A family of retinal S-antigen (arrestin) and their genes: compara-tive analyses of human, mouse, rat, bovine and Drosophila. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 103:505–509.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith, D. P., B.-H. Shieh, and C. S. Zuker. 1990. Isolation and structure of an arrestin gene from Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1003–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southern, E. M. 1975. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. J. Mol. Biol. 98:503–515.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takao, M., A. Yasui, and F. Tokunaga. 1988. Isolation and sequence determination of the chicken rhodopsin gene. Visual Res. 28:471–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda, M., T. Kikuchi, K. Yamaki, and T. Shinohara. 1991. The mouse S-antigen gene: comparison with humans and Drosophila. Eur. J. Biochem. 200:95–101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang, L.-H., S. Y. Tsai, R. G. Cook, W. G. Beattie, M.-J. Tsai, and B. W. O'Malley. 1989. COUP transcription factor is a member of the steroid receptor superfamily. Nature (London) 340:163–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., J. P. Macke, S. L. Merbs, D. J. Zack, B. Klaunberg, J. Bennett, J. Gearhart, and J. Nathans. 1992. A locus control region adjacent to the human red and green visual pigment genes. Neuron 9:429–440.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamaki, K., Y. Takahashi, S. Sakuragi, and M. Matsubara. 1987. Molecular cloning of the S-antigen cDNA from bovine retina. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 142:904–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaki, K., M. Tsuda, T. Kikuchi, K.-H. Chan, K.-P. Huang, and T. Shinohara. 1990. Structural organization of the human S-antigen gene. J. Biol. Chem. 265:20757–20762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama, T., G. I. Liou, R. B. Caldwell, and P. A. Overbeek. 1992. Photoreceptor-specific activity of the human interphoto-receptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) promoter in transgenic mice. Exp. Eye Res. 55:225–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, R. W. 1976. Visual cells and the concept of renewal. Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 15:700–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zack, D. J., J. Bennett, Y. Wang, C. Davenport, B. Klaunberg, J. Gearhart, and J. Nathans. 1991. Unusual topography of bovine rhodopsin promoter-lacZ fusion gene expression in transgenic mouse retinas. Neuron 6:187–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman, R., and J. E. Cheasty. 1986. A 48 kDa protein arrests cGMP phosphodiesterase activation in retinal rod disk membranes. FEBS Lett. 207:35–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar