Coexpression of Two Closely Linked Avian Genes for Purine Nucleotide Synthesis from a Bidirectional Promoter†

REFERENCES

• Barton, J. W., I. M. Hart, and D. Patterson. 1991. Mapping of a locus correcting lack of phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase activity in Chinese hamster ovary cell Ad-D mutants to human chromosome 4. Genomics 9:314–321.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bird, A. P. 1986. CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation. Nature (London) 321:209–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brayton, K. A., Z. Chen, A. Gavalas, G. Zhou, J. E. Dixon, and H. Zalkin. Unpublished data.
   Google Scholar
• Breathnach, R., and P. Chambon. 1981. Organization and expression of eukaryotic split genes coding for proteins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 50:349–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Z., J. E. Dixon, and H. Zalkin. 1990. Cloning of a chicken liver cDNA encoding 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide carboxylase and 5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide ribonucleotide synthetase by functional complementation of E. coli pur mutants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:3097–3101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chomczynski, P., and N. Sacchi. 1987. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid-guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloro-form extraction. Anal. Biochem. 162:156–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo, P., J. You, K. Garson, and M. Fried. 1992. Conservation of the organization of five tightly clustered genes over 600 million years of divergent evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6358–6362.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Culotta, V. C, and D. H. Hamer. 1989. Fine mapping of a mouse metallothionein gene metal response element. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:1376–1380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandekar, T., R. Stripecke, N. K. Gray, B. Goosen, A. Constable, H. E. Johansson, and M. W. Hentze. 1991. Identification of a novel iron-responsive element in murine and human erythroid 8-aminolevulinic acid synthase mRNA. EMBO J. 10:1903–1909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darn, A., J. Bollekens, A. Stowb, C. Benoist, and D. Mathis. 1987. A multiplicity of CCAAT box-binding proteins. Cell 50:863–872.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dynan, W. S., and R. Tjian. 1985. Control of eukaryotic messenger RNA synthesis by sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins. Nature (London) 316:774–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edlund, T., M. D. Walker, P. J. Barr, and W. T. Rutter. 1985. Cell specific expression of the fat insulin gene: evidence for role of two distinct 5' flanking elements. Science 230:912–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faure, M., J. Camonis, and M. Jacquet. 1989. Molecular characterization of a Dictyosteliwn discoideum gene encoding a multifunctional enzyme of the pyrimidine pathway. Eur. J. Biochem. 179:345–358.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feinberg, A. P., and B. Vogelstein. 1983. A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Anal. Biochem. 132:6–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigner, P. L., T. R. Gadek, M. Holm, R. Roman, H. W. Chan, M. Wenz, J. P. Northrop, G. M. Ringold, and M. Danielsen. 1987. Lipofection: a highly efficient, lipid-mediated DNA-trans-fection procedure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:7413–7417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner-Garden, M., and M. Frommer. 1987. CpG islands in vertebrate genomes. J. Mol. Biol. 196:261–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidoni, D., J. T. Kadonaga, H. B. Saldona, K. Takahashi, P. Chambon, and R. Tjian. 1985. Bi-directional SV40 transcription mediated by tandem Spl binding interactions. Science 230:511–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnirke, A., T. S. Barnes, D. Patterson, D. Schild, T. Feather-stone, and M. Olsen. 1991. Cloning and in vivo expression of the human GART gene using yeast artificial chromosomes. EMBO J. 10:1629–1634.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haile, D. J., T. A. Rouault, C. K. Tang, J. Chin, J. B. Harford, and R. D. Klausner. 1992. Reciprocal control of RNA-binding and aconitase activity in the regulation of the iron-responsive element binding protein: role of the iron-sulfur cluster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:7536–7540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henikoff, S. 1984. Unidirectional digestion with exonuclease III creates targeted breakpoints for DNA sequencing. Gene 28:351–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henikoff, S., M. A. Keene, K. Fechtel, and J. W. Fristrom. 1986. Gene within a gene: nested Drosophila genes encode unrelated proteins on opposite DNA strands. Cell 44:33–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henikoff, S., M. A. Keene, J. S. Sloan, J. Bleskan, R. Hards, and D. Patterson. 1986. Multiple purine pathway enzyme activities are encoded at a single genetic locus in Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:720–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hentschel, C. C, and M. L. Birnstiel. 1981. The organization and expression of histone gene families. Cell 25:301–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, A., C. E. Campbell, L. Bonetta, M. S. Hill, S. McNeill, M. J. Coppes, D. J. Law, A. P. Feinberg, H. Yeger, and B. R. G. Williams. 1990. Tissue, developmental, and tumor-specific expression of divergent transcripts in Wilms tumor. Science 250:991–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huxley, C., and M. Fried. 1990. The mouse surfeit locus contains a cluster of six genes associated with four CpG-rich islands in 32 kilobases of genomic DNA. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:605–614.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Imagawa, M., R. Chiu, and M. Karin. 1987. Transcription factor AP-2 mediates induction by two different signal transduction pathways: protein kinase C and cAMP. Cell 51:251–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger, J. A., D. H. Turner, and M. Zuker. 1989. Predicting optimal and suboptimal secondary structure for RNA. Methods Enzymol. 183:281–306.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, N. C, P. W. J. Rigby, and E. B. Ziff. 1988. Trans-acting protein factors and the regulation of eukaryotic transcription. Genes Dev. 2:267–281.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Killen, P. D., P. Burbelo, Y. Saknrai, and Y. Yamada. 1988. Structure of the amino-terminal portion of the murine α1(IV) collagen chain and the corresponding region of the gene. J. Biol. Chem. 263:8706–8709.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koromilas, A. E., A. Lazaris-Karatzas, and N. Sonenberg. 1992. mRNAs containing extensive secondary structure in their 5' non-coding region translate efficiently in cells overexpressing initiation factor eIF-4E. EMBO J. 11:4153–4158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavia, P., D. MacLeod, and A. Bird. 1987. Coincident start sites of divergent transcripts at a randomly selected CpG-rich island of mouse. EMBO J. 6:2773–2779.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linton, J. P., J.-Y. J. Yen, E. Selby, Z. Chen, J. M. Chinsky, K. Liu, R. E. Kellems, and G. F. Crouse. 1989. Dual bidirectional promoters at the mouse dhfr locus: cloning and characterization of two mRNA classes of the divergently transcribed Rep-1 gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:3058–3072.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Means, A. L., and P. J. Farnham. 1990. Transcription initiation from the dihydrofolate reductase promoter is positioned by HIP1 binding at the initiation site. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:653–661.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mitchell, P. J., C. Wang, and R. Tjian. 1987. Positive and negative regulation of transcription in vitro: enhancer-binding protein AP-2 is inhibited by SV40 T antigen. Cell 50:847–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, P. S., S. Salser, and B. Wold. 1988. Constitutive and metal-inducible protein: DNA interactions at the mouse metal-lothionein I promoter examined by in vivo and in vitro footprinting. Genes Dev. 2:412–427.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pothier, F., M. Ouelette, J. P. Julien, and S. L. Guerin. 1992. An improved CAT assay for promoter analysis in either transgenic mice or tissue culture cells. DNA Cell Biol. 11:83–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rizzo, M. G., L. Offavio, S. Travali, C. Chang, B. Kaminska, and R. Baserga. 1990. The promoter of the human proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is bi-directional. Exp. Cell. Res. 188:286–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, N. 1987. Identification of regulatory elements of cloned genes with functional assays. Methods Enzymol. 152:704–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saffer, J. D., and M. F. Singer. 1984. Transcription from SV40-like monkey DNA sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:4769–4788.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sambrook, J., E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis. 1989. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Sanger, F., S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463–5467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilling, L. J., and P. J. Farnham. 1989. Identification of a new promoter upstream of the murine dihydrofolate reductase gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9:4568–4570.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seed, B., and J.-Y. Sheen. 1988. A simple phase-extraction assay for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity. Gene 67:271–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimada, T., H. Fujii, and H. Lin. 1989. A 165-base pair sequence between the dihydrofolate reductase gene and the divergently transcribed upstream gene is sufficient for bi-directional activity. J. Biol. Chem. 264:20171–20174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silhavy, T. J., M. L. Berman, and L. W. Enquist. 1984. Experiments with gene fusions, p. 142–143. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Smale, S. T., and D. Baltimore. 1989. The initiator as a transcription control element. Cell 57:103–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soininen, R., M. Huotari, S. L. Hostikka, D. J. Prockop, and K. Tryggvason. 1988. The structural genes for α1 and α2 chains of human type IV collagen are divergently encoded on opposite DNA strands and have an overlapping promoter region. J. Biol. Chem. 263:17217–17220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vogeli, G., and P. S. Kaytes. 1987. Amplifications, storage and replication of libraries. Methods Enzymol. 152:407–415.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams, T., A. Admon, B. Luscher, and R. Tjian. 1988. Cloning and expression of AP-2, a cell-type-specific transcription factor that activates inducible enhancer elements. Genes Dev. 2:1557–1569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingender, E. 1990. Transcription regulating proteins and their recognition sequences. Crit. Rev. Eukaryotic Gene Exp. 1:11–48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood, W. M., M. Y. Kao, D. F. Gordon, and E. D. Ridgway. 1989. Thyroid hormone regulates the mouse thyrotropin β-sub-unit gene promoter in transfected primary thyrotropes. J. Biol. Chem. 264:14840–14847.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zalkin, H., and J. E. Dixon. 1992. De novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 42:259–287.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou, G., J. E. Dixon, and H. Zalkin. 1990. Cloning and expression of avian glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 265:21152–21159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar