Serum Amyloid A Gene Expression under Acute-Phase Conditions Involves Participation of Inducible C/EBP-β and C/EBP-δ and Their Activation by Phosphorylation

REFERENCES

• Akira, S., H. Isshiki, T. Sugita, O. Tanabe, S. Kinoshita, Y. Nishio, T. Nakajima, T. Hirano, and T. Kishimoto. 1990. A nuclear factor for IL-6 expression (NF-IL6) is a member of a C/EBP family. EMBO J. 9: 1897–1906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baeuerle, P. A., and D. Baltimore. 1988. Activation of DNA-binding activity in an apparently cytoplasmic precursor of the NF-kB transcription factor. Cell 53: 211–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumann, H., K. K. Morella, S. P. Campos, Z. Cao, and G. P. Jahreis. 1992. Role of CAAT-enhancer binding protein isoforms in the cytokine regulation of acute-phase plasma protein genes. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 19744–19751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blenis, J. 1993. Signal transduction via the MAP kinases: proceed at your own RSK. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 5889–5892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, M. M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72: 248–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, D. J., and J. A. Gordon. 1984. The stimulation of pp60v-src kinase activity by vanadate in intact cells accompanies a new phosphorylation state of the enzyme. J. Biol. Chem. 259: 9580–9586.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cao, Z., R. M. Umek, and S. L. McKnight. 1991. Regulated expression of three C/EBP isoforms during adipose conversion of 3T3-L1 cells. Genes Dev. 5: 1538–1552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dignam, J. D., R. M. Lebovitz, and R. G. Roeder. 1983. Accurate transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II in a soluble extract from isolated mammalian nuclei. Nucleic Acids Res. 11: 1475–1489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edbrooke, M. R., D. W. Burt, J. K. Chesire, and P. Woo. 1989. Identification of cw-acting sequences responsible for phorbol ester induction of human serum amyloid A gene expression via a nuclear factor KB-like transcription factor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9: 1908–1916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edbrooke, M. R., J. Foldi, J. K. Chesire, F. Li, D. J. Faulkes, and P. Woo. 1991. Constitutive and NF-KB-like proteins in the regulation of the serum amyloid A gene by interleukin 1. Cytokine 3: 380–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fridovich-Keil, J. L., J. M. Gudas, I. Bouvard-Bryan, and A. B. Pardee. 1991. Improved expression vectors for eukaryotic promoter/enhancer studies. BioTechniques 11: 572–579.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ganapathi, M. K., D. Rzewnicki, D. Samols, S.-L. Jiang, and I. Kushner. 1991. Effect of combinations of cytokines and hormones on synthesis of serum amyloid A and C-reactive protein in Hep 3B cells. J. Immunol. 147: 1261–1265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, F. L., and A. J. van der Eb. 1973. A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology 52: 456–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haystead, T. A., A. T. Sim, D. Carling, R. C. Honnor, Y. Tsukitani, P. Cohen, and D. G. Hardie. 1989. Effects of the tumour promoter okadaic acid on intracellular protein phosphorylation and metabolism. Nature (London) 337: 78–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, T., and M. Karin. 1992. The regulation of transcription by phosphorylation. Cell 70: 375–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husby, G., and J. B. Natvig. 1974. A serum component related to nonimmunoglobulin amyloid protein AS, a possible precursor of the fibrils. J. Clin. Invest. 53: 1054–1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juan, T. S. C., D. R. Wilson, M. D. Wilde, and G. J. Darlington. 1993. Participation of the transcription factor C/EBP-δ in the acute-phase regulation of the human gene for complement component C3. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 2584–2588.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kinoshita, S., S. Akira, and T. Kishimoto. 1992. A member of the C/EBP family, NF-IL6β, forms a heterodimer and transcriptionally synergizes with NF-IL6. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 1473–1476.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, Y. M., W. H. Tsai, M. Y. Lai, D. S. Chen, and S. C. Lee. 1993. Induction of liver alpha 1-acid glycoprotein gene expression involves both positive and negative transcription factors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 432–442.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, X., J. H. Huang, H. Y. ReinhoffJr., and W. S. L. Liao. 1990. Two adjacent C/EBP-binding sequences that participate in the cell-specific expression of the mouse serum amyloid A3 gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 6624–6631.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, X., and W. S. L. Liao. 1991. Expression of rat serum amyloid Al gene involves both C/EBP-like and NF-κB-like transcription factors. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 15192–15201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luckow, B., and G. Schutz. 1987. CAT constructions with multiple unique restriction sites for the functional analysis of eukaryotic promoters and regulatory elements. Nucleic Acids Res. 15: 5490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metz, R., and E. Ziff. 1991. cAMP stimulates the C/EBP-related transcription factor rNFIL-6 to translocate to the nucleus and induce c-fos transcription. Genes Dev. 5: 1754–1766.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakajima, T., S. Kinoshita, T. Sasagawa, K. Sasaki, M. Naruto, T. Kishimoto, and S. Akira. 1993. Phosphorylation at threonine-235 by a ras-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade is essential for transcription factor NF-IL6. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 2207–2211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishio, Y., H. Isshiki, T. Kishimoto, and S. Akira. 1993. A nuclear factor for interleukin-6 expression (NF-IL6) and the glucocorticoid receptor synergistically activate transcription of the rat αl-acid glycoprotein gene via direct protein-protein interaction. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 1854–1862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratajczak, T., P. M. Williams, D. DiLorenzo, and G. M. Ringold. 1992. Multiple elements within the glucocorticoid regulatory unit of the rat a α1-acid glycoprotein gene are recognition sites for C/EBP. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 11111–11119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ray, A., and B. K. Ray. 1993. Analysis of the promoter element of the serum amyloid A gene and its interaction with constitutive and inducible nuclear factors from rabbit liver. Gene Expression 3: 151–162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ray, B. K., X. Gao, and A. Ray. 1993. Regulation of rabbit aracid glycoprotein gene expression in acute-phase liver: identification of inducible and constitutive proteins like CCAAT-enhancer binding protein that interact with the 5′-proximal promoter elements. Eur. J. Biochem. 216: 127–136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ray, B. K., and A. Ray. 1991. Rabbit serum amyloid A gene: cloning, characterization and sequence analysis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 180: 1258–1264.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ray, B. K., and A. Ray. 1993. Functional NF-kB element in rabbit serum amyloid A gene and its role in acute-phase induction. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 193: 1159–1167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rivera, V. M., C. K. Miranti, R. P. Misra, D. D. Ginty, R.-H. Chen, J. Blenis, and M. E. Greenberg. 1993. A growth factor-induced kinase phosphorylates the serum response factor at a site that regulates its DNA-binding activity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 6260–6273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, C. J., E. C. Franklin, B. Frangione, and J. Greenspan. 1976. Isolation and partial characterization of SAA—an amyloid related protein from human serum. J. Immunol. 116: 1415–1418.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sadowski, H. B., K. Shuai, J. E. DarnellJr., and M. Z. Gilman. 1993. A common nuclear signal transduction pathway activated by growth factor and cytokine receptors. Science 261: 1739–1744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels, M. L., M. J. Weber, J. M. Bishop, and M. McMahon. 1993. Conditional transformation of cells and rapid activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade by an estradiol-dependent human Raf-1 protein kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 6241–6252.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stahl, N., and G. D. Yancopoulos. 1993. The alphas, betas, and kinases of cytokine receptor complexes. Cell 74: 587–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner, M., Z. Cao, and M. G. Rosenfeld. 1992. Calcium-regulated phosphorylation within the leucine zipper of C/EBPβ. Science 256: 370–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo, P., J. Sipe, C. A. Dinarello, and H. R. Colten. 1987. Structure of a human serum amyloid A gene and modulation of its expression in transfected L cells. J. Biol. Chem. 262: 15790–15795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar