Activated v-myc and v-ras Oncogenes Do Not Transform Normal Human Lymphocytes

LITERATURE CITED

• Alwine, J. C. 1985. Transient gene expression control: effects of transfected DNA stability and trans-activation by viral early proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:1034–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, J., and F. Melchers. 1981. T-cell dependent activation of resting B cells: requirement for both non-specific unrestricted and antigen-specific la-restricted soluble factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:2497–2501.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armelin, H. A., M. C. S. Armelin, K. Kelly, T. A. Stewart, P. Leder, B. H. Cochran, and C. D. Stiles. 1984. Functional role for c-myc in mitogenic response to platelet-derived growth factor. Nature (London) 310:655–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ar-Rushdi, A., K. Nishikura, J. Erickson, R. Watt, G. Rovera, and C. M. Croce. 1983. Differential expression of the translocated and the untranslocated c-myc oncogene in Burkitt lymphoma. Science 222:390–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, J. M. 1985. Viral oncogenes. Cell 42:23–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheah, M. S. C., T. J. Ley, S. R. Tronick, and K. C. Robbins. 1986. fgr proto-oncogene mRNA induced in B-lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus infection. Nature (London) 319:238–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinsky, J., and R. Soeiro. 1981. Fv-1 host restriction of Friend leukemia virus: analysis of unintegrated proviral DNA. J. Virol. 40:45–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chirgwin, J. M., A. E. Przybyla, R. J. MacDonald, and W. J. Rutter. 1979. Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease. Biochemistry 18:5294–5299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan, N. J., P. R. Dobner, E. V. Fuchs, and D. W. Cleveland. 1983. Expression of human α-tubulin genes: interspecies conservation of 3′ untranslated regions. Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:1738–1745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhar, R., R. W. Ellis, T. Y. Shih, S. Oroszian, B. Shapiro, J. Maizel, D. Lowy, and E. Scolnick. 1982. Nucleotide sequence of the p21 transforming protein of Harvey murine sarcoma virus. Science 217:934–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eick, D., M. Piechzczyk, B. Henglein, J.-M. Blanchard, B. Traub, E. Kofler, S. Wiest, G. M. Lenoir, and G. W. Bornkamm. 1985. Aberrant c-myc RNAs of Burkitt's lymphoma cells have longer half-lives. EMBO J. 4:3717–3725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedman, V. H., and S. Shin. 1974. Cellular tumorigenicity in nude mice: correlation with cell growth in semi-solid medium. Cell 3:355–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmer, T. M., L. A. Annal, M. Oshimura, and J. C. Barrett. 1985. Neoplastic transformation of normal and carcinogen- induced preneoplastic Syrian hamster embryo cells by the v-src oncogene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:1707–1713.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glanville, N. 1985. Unstable expression and amplification of a transfected oncogene in confluent and subconfluent cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:1456–1464.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graham, F. L., J. Smiley, W. C. Russell, and R. Nairn. 1977. Characteristics of a human cell line transformed by DNA from adenovirus type 5. J. Gen. Virol. 36:59–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greig, R. G., T. P. Koestler, D. L. Trainer, S. P. Corwin, L. Miles, T. Kline, R. Sweet, S. Yokoyama, and G. Poste. 1985. Tumorigenic and metastatic properties of “normal” and ras- transfected NIH/3T3 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:3698–3701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, T., K. Sakai, and D. J. Volsky. 1986. Transfer of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA fragment coding for EBNA-1, the putative transforming antigen of EBV, into normal human lymphocytes: gene expression without cell transformation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 134:1260–1268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayward, W. S., B. G. Neely, and S. M. Astrin. 1981. Activation of cellular onc genes by promoter insertion in ALV-induced lymphoid leukosis. Nature (London) 290:475–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirt, B. 1967. Selective extraction of polyoma DNA from infected mouse cell cultures. J. Mol. Biol. 26:365–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imperiale, M. R., L. T. Feldman, and J. R. Nelvins. 1983. Activation of gene expression by adenovirus and herpesvirus regulatory genes acting in-trans and by cis-acting adenovirus enhancer elements. Cell 35:127–136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keath, E. J., P. G. Caimi, and M. D. Cole. 1984. Fibroblast lines expressing activated c-myc oncogenes are tumorigenic in nude mice and syngeneic animals. Cell 39:339–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, K., B. H. Cochran, C. D. Stiles, and P. Leder. 1983. Cell-specific regulation of the c-myc gene by lymphocyte mitogens and platelet-derived growth factor. Cell 35:603–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacy, J., S. N. Sarkar, and W. C. Sumers. 1986. Induction of c-myc expression in human B lymphocytes by B-cell growth factor and anti-immunoglobulin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:1458–1462.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Land, H., L. F. Parada, and R. A. Weinberg. 1983. Tumorigenic conversion of primary embryo fibroblasts requires at least two cooperating oncogenes. Nature (London) 304:596–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Land, H., L. F. Parada, and R. A. Weinberg. 1983. Cellular oncogenes and multistep carcinogenesis. Science 222:771–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loyter, A., A. Vainstein, M. Graessman, and A. Graessman. 1983. Fusion-mediated injection of SV40-DNA. Exp. Cell Res. 143:415–425.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maguire, R. T., T. S. Robins, S. S. Thorgeirsson, and C. A. Heilman. 1983. Expression of cellular myc and mos genes in undifferentiated B cell lymphomas of Burkitt and non-Burkitt types. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:1947–1950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maniatis, T., E. F. Fritsch, and J. Sambrook. 1982. Molecular cloning, a laboratory manual, p. 75–97. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Melton, D. A., P. A. Krieg, M. R. Rebagliati, T. Maniatis, K. Zinn, and M. R. Green. 1984. Efficient in vitro synthesis of biologically active RNA and RNA hybridization probes from plasmids containing a bacteriophage SP6 promoter. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:7035–7056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newbold, R. F., and R. W. Overall. 1983. Fibroblast immortality is a prerequisite for transformation by EJ v-Ha-ras oncogene. Nature (London) 304:648–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishikura, K., A. ar-Rushdi, J. Erikson, R. Watt, G. Rovera, and C. M. Croce. 1983. Differential expression of the normal and of the translocated human c-myc oncogenes in B cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:4822–4826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, J. H., M. K. Home, and W. Scott. 1968. Transformation of foetal human leukocytes in vitro by filtrates of a human cell line containing herpes-like virus. Int. J. Cancer 3:857–866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabbitts, P. H., A. Forster, M. A. Stinson, and T. H. Rabbitts. 1985. Truncation of exon 1 from the c-myc gene results in prolonged c-myc mRNA stability. EMBO J. 4:3727–3733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruley, H. E. 1983. Adenovirus early region 1A enables viral and cellular transforming genes to transform primary cells in culture. Nature (London) 304:602–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab, M., K. Alitalo, K.-H. Klempnauer, H. E. Varmus, J. M. Bishop, F. Gilbert, G. Brodeur, M. Goldstein, and J. Trent. 1983. Amplified DNA with limited homology to myc cellular oncogene is shared by human neuroblastoma cell lines and a neuroblastoma tumour. Nature (London) 305:245–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab, M., H. E. Varmus, and J. M. Bishop. 1985. Human N-myc gene contributes to neoplastic transformation of mammalian cells in culture. Nature (London) 316:160–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro, I. M., G. Klein, and D. J. Volsky. 1981. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) coreconstructed with Sendai virus envelopes infects EBV receptor-negative cells. Biochim. Biophsy. Acta 676:19–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shapiro, I. M., G. Klein, and D. J. Volsky. 1986. Transfection of lymphoblastoid cells using DNA-loaded reconstituted Sendai virus envelopes (RSVE): expression of transfected DNA and selection of transfected cells. Somatic Cell Mol. Genet. 12:351–356.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh, L., and K. W. Jones. 1984. The use of heparin as a simple cost-effective means of controlling background in nucleic acid hybridization procedures. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:5627–5638.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Slamon, D. J., J. B. de Kernion, I. M. Verma, and M. J. Cline. 1984. Expression of cellular oncogenes in human malignancies. Science 224:256–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeland, E., T. Godal, E. Ruud, K. Beiske, S. Funderud, E. Clark, S. Pfeifer-Ohlsson, and R. Ohlsson. 1985. The specific induction of myc protooncogene expression in normal human B cells is not a sufficient event for acquisition of competence to proliferate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:6255–6259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southern, E. M. 1975. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J. Mol. Biol. 98:503–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spandidos, D. A., and N. M. Wilkie. 1984. Malignant transformation of early passage rodent cells by a single mutated human oncogene. Nature (London) 310:469–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarpley, W. G., and H. M. Temin. 1984. The location of v-src in a retrovirus vector determines whether the virus is toxic or transforming. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:2653–2660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomassen, D. G., T. M. Gilmer, L. A. Annal, and J. C. Barret. 1985. Evidence for multiple steps in neoplastic transformation of normal and preneoplastic Syrian hamster embryo cells following transfection with v-Ha-ras oncogene. Cancer Res. 45:726–732.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson, C. B., P. B. Chailoner, P. E. Neiman, and M. Groudine. 1985. Levels of c-myc oncogene mRNA are invariant throughout the cell cycle. Nature (London) 314:363–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Santen, V., A. Cheung, and E. Kieff. 1981. Epstein-Barr virus RNA. VII. Size and direction of transcription of virus- specified cytoplasmic RNAs in a transformed cell line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:1930–1934.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vennstrom, B., C. Moscovici, H. M. Goodman, and J. M. Bishop. 1981. Molecular cloning of the avian myelocytomatosis virus genome and recovery of infectious virus by transfection of chicken cells. J. Virol. 39:625–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volsky, D. J., T. Gross, F. Sinangil, C. Kuszynski, R. Bartzatt, T. Dambaugh, and E. Kieff. 1984. Expression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA and cloned fragments in human lymphocytes following Sendai virus envelope-mediated gene transfer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:5926–5930.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar