Termination-Reinitiation Occurs in the Translation of Mammalian Cell mRNAs

LITERATURE CITED

• Alwine, J. C., D. J. Kemp, and G. R. Stark. 1977. Method for detection of specific RNAs in agarose gels by transfer to diazobenzyl oxymethyl paper and hybridization with DNA probes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5350–5354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, P. 1981. Dissections and reconstructions of genes and chromosomes. Science 213:296–303.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berk, A. J., and P. Sharp. 1978. Spliced early mRNAs of simian virus 40. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:1274–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnboim, H. C., and J. Doly. 1979. A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 7:1513–1523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos, J. L., L. J. Polder, R. Bernards, P. I. Schrier, P. J. van den Eisen, A. J. vander Eb, and H. van Ormondt. 1981. The 2.2 kb Elb mRNA of human Adl2 and Ad5 codes for two tumor antigens starting at different AUG triplets. Cell 27:121–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnette, W. N. 1981. “Western blotting”: electrophoretic transfer of proteins from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacryl- amide gels to unmodified nitrocellulose and radiographic detection with antibody and radioiodinated protein A. Anal. Biochem. 112:195–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clerx-van Haaster, C., H. Akashi, D. Auperin, and D. Bishop. 1982. Nucleotide sequence analyses and predicted coding of bunyavirus genome RNA species. J. Virol. 41:119–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, B. J. 1964. Disc electrophoresis II: method and application to human serum proteins. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 121:404–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fromm, M., and P. Berg. 1982. Deletion mapping of DNA regions required for SV40 early region promoter function in vivo. J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1:457–481.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghosh, P. K., V. B. Reddy, J. Swinscoe, P. V. Choudary, P. Lebowitz, and S. Weissman. 1978. The 5′ terminal leader sequence of late 16S mRNA from cells infected with simian virus 40. J. Biol. Chem. 253:3643–3647.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghosh, P. K., V. B. Reddy, J. Swinscoe, P. Lebowitz, and S. M. Weissman. 1978. Heterogeneity and 5′ terminal structures of the late mRNAs of simian virus 40. J. Mol. Biol. 126:813–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluzman, Y. 1981. SV40-transformed simian cells support the replication of early SV40 mutants. Cell 23:175–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold, L., D. Pribnow, T. Schneider, S. Shinelding, B. S. Singer, and G. Stormo. 1981. Translation initiation in prokaryotes. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 35:365–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, F. L., and A. J. Van der Eb. 1973. A new technique for assaying the infectivity of adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology 52:456–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagenbuchle, O., M. Tosi, U. Schibler, R. Bovey, P. K. Wellaver, and R. A. Young. 1981. Mouse liver and salivary gland a-amylase mRNAs differ only in 5′ non-translated sequences. Nature (London) 289:643–646.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hall, C. V., P. E. Jacob, G. M. Ringold, and F. Lee. 1983. Expression and regulation of Escherichia coli lacZ gene fusions in mammalian cells. J. Mol. App. Genet. 2:101–109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hendy, G., H. Kronenberg, J. Potts, Jr., and A. Rich. 1981. Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNAs encoding human preparathyroid hormone. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:7365–7369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastelein, R. A., E. Remaut, W. Fiers, and J. van Duin. 1982. Lysis gene expression of RNA phage MS2 depends on a frameshift during translation of the overlapping coat protein gene. Nature (London) 295:35–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kitamura, N., B. L. Sender, P. G. Rothberg, G. R. Larsen, C. J. Adler, A. J. Domer, E. A. Emini, R. Hanecak, J. J. Lee, S. van der Werf, C. W. Anderson, and E. Wimmer. 1981. Primary structure gene organization and polypeptide expression of polio virus RNA. Nature (London) 291:547–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak, M. 1978. How do eucaryotic ribosomes select initiation regions in messenger RNA? Cell 15:1109–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak, M. 1979. Inability of circular mRNA to attach to eucaryotic ribosomes. Nature (London) 280:82–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak, M. 1979. Migration of 40S ribosomal subunits on messenger RNA when initiation is perturbed by lowering magnesium or adding drugs. J. Biol. Chem. 254:4731–4738.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kozak, M. 1980. Role of ATP in binding and migration of 40S ribosomal subunits. Cell 22:459–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak, M. 1980. Influence of mRNA secondary structure on binding and migration of 40S ribosomal subunits. Cell 19:79–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kozak, M. 1981. Possible role of flanking nucleotides in recognition of the AUG initiation codon by eukaryotic ribosomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 9:5233–5252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak, M. 1983. Comparison of initiation of protein synthesis in procaryotes, eucaryotes, and organelles. Microbiol. Rev. 47:1–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kozak, M., and A. J. Shatkin. 1978. Migration of 40S ribosomal subunits on messenger RNA in the presence of Edeine. J. Biol. Chem. 253:6568–6577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laemmli, U. K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature (London) 27:680–685.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lomedico, P. T., and S. J. McAndrew. 1982. Eukaryotic ribosomes can recognize preproinsulin initiation codons irrespective of their position relative to the 5′ end of mRNA. Nature (London) 299:221–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mardon, G., and H. E. Varmus. 1983. Frameshift and intragenic suppressor mutations in a Rous sarcoma provirus suggests src encodes two proteins. Cell 32:871–879.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marsden, H. S., L. Haarr, and C. M. Preston. 1983. Processing of herpes simplex virus protein and evidence that translation of thymidine kinase mRNA is initiated at three separate AUG codons. J. Virol. 46:434–445.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maxam, A. M., and W. Gilbert. 1980. Sequencing end-labeled DNA with base specific chemical cleavages. Methods Enzymol. 65:499–560.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonnell, M. W., M. N. Simon, and F. W. Studier. 1977. Analysis of restriction fragments of T7 DNA and determination of molecular weights by electrophoresis in neutral and alkaline gels. J. Mol. Biol. 110:119–146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McMaster, G. K., and G. G. Carmichael. 1977. Analysis of single and double-stranded nucleic acids on polyacrylamide and agarose gels by using glyoxal and acridine orange. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:4835–4838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michels, C. A., and D. Zipser. 1969. Mapping of polypeptide reinitiation sites within the β-galactosidase structural gene. J. Mol. Biol. 41:341–347.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics, p. 352–355. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Mulligan, R. C., and P. Berg. 1980. Expression of a bacterial gene in mammalian cells. Science 209:1422–1427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan, R. C., and P. Berg. 1981. Factors governing the expression of a bacterial gene in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1:449–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan, R. C., B. H. Howard, and P. Berg. 1979. Synthesis of rabbit β-globin in cultured monkey cells following transfection with SV40 β-globin recombinant. Nature (London) 227:108–114.
   Google Scholar
• Napoli, C., L. Gold, and B. S. Singer. 1981. Translational reinitiation in the rIIB cistron of bacteriophage T4. J. Mol. Biol. 149:433–449.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oppenheim, D. S., and C. Yanofsky. 1980. Translational coupling during expression of the tryptophan operon of Escherichia coli. Genetics 95:785–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, B., and G. Stark. 1979. Regulation of simian virus 40 transcription: sensitive analysis of the RNA species present early in infections of virus or viral DNA. J. Virol. 31:360–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peabody, D. S., S. Subramani, and P. Berg. 1986. Effect of upstream reading frames on translation efficiency in simian virus 40 recombinants. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:2704–2711.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perler, F., A. Efstratiadis, P. Lomedico, W. Gilbert, R. Kolodner, and J. Dodgson. 1980. The evolution of genes: the chicken preproinsulin gene. Cell 20:555–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renart, J., J. Reiser, and G. R. Stark. 1979. Transfer of proteins from gels to diazobenzyloxymethyl paper and detection with antisera: a method for studying antibody specificity and antigen structure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:3116–3120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigby, P. W., M. Dieckmann, C. Rhodes, and P. Berg. 1977. Labeling in vitro by nick translation with DNA polymerase I. J. Mol. Biol. 113:237–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarabhai, A., and S. Brenner. 1967. A mutant which reinitiates the polypeptide chain after chain termination. J. Mol. Biol. 27:145–162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schumperli, D., K. McKenney, D. A. Sobieski, and M. Rosenberg. 1982. Translational coupling at an intercistronic boundary of the Escherichia coli galactose operon. Cell 30:865–871.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherman, F., J. W. Stewart, and A. M. Schweingruber. 1980. Mutants of yeast initiating translation of iso-l-cytochromes within a region spanning 37 nucleotides. Cell 20:215–222.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Southern, P. J., and P. Berg. 1982. Transformation of mammalian cells to antibiotic resistance with a bacterial gene under control of the SV40 early region promoter. J. Mol. Appl. Genet. 1:327–341.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steege, D. A. 1977. 5′-Terminal nucleotide sequence of Escherichia coli lactose repressor mRNA: features of translational initiation and reinitiation sites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:4163–4167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramani, S., R. C. Mulligan, and P. Berg. 1981. Expression of the mouse dihydrofolate reductase complementary deoxyribonucleic acid in simian virus 40 vectors. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1:854–864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanstrom, R., H. E. Varmus, and J. M. Bishop. 1982. Nucleotide sequence of the 5′ noncoding region and part of the gag gene of Rous sarcoma virus. J. Virol. 41:535–541.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas, P. S. 1980. Hybridization of denatured RNA and small DNA fragments transferred to nitrocellulose. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:5201–5205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogeli, G., H. Ohkubo, M. E. Sobel, Y. Yamada, I. Pastam, and B. de Crombrugghe. 1981. Structure of the promoter for chicken α2 type I collagen gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:5334–5338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, R. F., and C. Weissmann. 1979. Mapping of RNA by a modification of the Berk-Sharp procedure. Nucleic Acids Res. 75:1175–1193.
   Google Scholar
• Wengler, G., G. Wengler, and H. J. Gross. 1979. Replicative form of Semliki Forest virus RNA contains an unpaired guanosine. Nature (London) 282:754–756.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoo, O. J., C. T. Powell, and K. L. Agarwal. 1982. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of full length cDNA coding for porcine gastrin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:1049–1053.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar