The Positive Regulatory Function of the 5′-Proximal Open Reading Frames in GCN4 mRNA Can Be Mimicked by Heterologous, Short Coding Sequences

LITERATURE CITED

• Cigan, M. A., and T. F. Donahue. 1987. Sequence and structural features associated with translational initiator regions in yeast— a review. Gene 59:1–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson, M. J., M. F. Tuite, N. A. Roberts, A. J. Kingsman, and S. M. Kingsman. 1982. Conservation of high efficiency promoter sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res. 10:2625–2637.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donahue, T. F., A. M. Cigan, B. A. de Castilho, and H. Yoon. 1988. Translation initiation in yeast: a genetic and mutational analysis, p. 361–372. In M. F. Tuite, M. Picard, and M. Bolotin-Fukuhara (ed.), Genetics of translation; new approaches. Springer-Verlag KG, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, R., C. K. Watanabe, and H. A. de Boer. 1987. Compilation and comparison of the sequence context around the AUG start codons in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:3581–3593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinnebusch, A. G. 1984. Evidence for translational regulation of the activator of general amino acid control in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6442–6446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinnebusch, A. G. 1985. A hierarchy of trans-acting factors modulate translation of an activator of amino acid biosynthetic genes in yeast. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:2349–2360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinnebusch, A. G. 1988. Mechanisms of gene regulation in the general control of amino acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol. Rev. 52:248–273.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ito, H., Y. Fukuda, K. Murata, and A. Kimura. 1983. Transformation of intact yeast cells treated with alkali cations. J. Bacteriol. 153:163–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen, H., D. Schumperli, and M. Rosenberg. 1984. Affecting gene expression by altering the length and sequence of the 5′ leader. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:7698–7702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak, M. 1978. How do eukaryotic ribosomes select initiation regions in messenger RNA? Cell 15:1109–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak, M. 1983. Comparison of initiation of protein synthesis in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and organelles. Microbiol. Rev. 47:1–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kozak, M. 1984. Selection of initiation sites by eucaryotic ribosomes: effect of inserting AUG triplets upstream from the coding sequence for preproinsulin. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:3873–3893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak, M. 1987. Effects of intercistronic length on the efficiency of reinitiation by eukaryotic ribosomes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7:3438–3445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laz, T., J. Clements, and F. Sherman. 1987. The role of mRNA sequences and structure in eukaryotic translation, p. 413–427. In J. Ilan (ed.), Translational regulation of gene expression. Plenum Publishing Corp., New York.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, C., C. C. Simonsen, and A. D. Levinson. 1984. Initiation of translation at internal AUG codons in mammalian cells. Nature (London) 309:82–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucchini, G., A. G. Hinnebusch, C. Chen, and G. R. Fink. 1984. Positive regulatory interactions of the HIS4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Cell. Biol. 4:1326–1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maniatis, T., E. F. Fritsch, and J. Sambrook. 1982. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.
   Google Scholar
• Mueller, P. P., S. Harashima, and A. G. Hinnebusch. 1987. A segment of GCN4 mRNA containing the upstream AUG codons confers translational control upon a heterologous yeast transcript. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:2863–2867.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mueller, P. P., and A. G. Hinnebusch. 1986. Multiple upstream AUG codons mediate translational control of GCN4. Cell 45:201–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peabody, D. S., and P. Berg. 1986. Termination-reinitiation occurs in the translation of mammalian cell mRNAs. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:2695–2703.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanger, F., S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson. 1977. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463–5467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp, P. M., T. M. F. Tuohy, and K. R. Mosurski. 1986. Codon usage in yeast: cluster analysis clearly differentiates highly and lowly expressed genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:5125–5143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman, F., G. R. Fink, and J. B. Hicks. 1986. Methods in yeast genetics, p. 164. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Sherman, F., and J. W. Stewart. 1982. Mutations altering initiation of translation of yeast iso-1-cytochrome c; contrasts between the eukaryotic and prokaryotic initiation process, p. 301–304. In J. N. Strathern, E. W. Jones, and J. R. Broach (ed.), The molecular biology of the yeast Saccharomyces: metabolism and gene expression. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
   Google Scholar
• Thireos, G., M. Driscoll Penn, and H. Greer. 1984. 5′ untranslated sequences are required for the translational control of a yeast regulatory gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:5096–5100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschumper, G., and J. Carbon. 1980. Sequence of a yeast DNA fragment containing a chromosomal replicator and the TRP1 gene. Gene 10:157–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzamarias, P., D. Alexandraki, and G. Thireos. 1986. Multiple cis-acting elements modulate the translational efficiency of GCN4 mRNA in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:4849–4853.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar