Transcriptional Unit of the Murine Thy-1 Gene: Different Distribution of Transcription Initiation Sites in Brain

LITERATURE CITED

• Araki, E., F. Shimada, H. Uzawa, M. Mori, and V. Ebina. 1987. Characterization of the promoter region of the human insulin receptor gene. J. Biol. Chem. 262:16186–16191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Auffray, C., and O. Rougeon. 1979. Purification of mouse immunoglobulin heavy-chain messenger RNAs from total myeloma tumor RNA. Eur. J. Biochem. 107:303–307.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, P. B., S. Ruppert, and G. Schutz. 1987. Genomic footprinting reveals cell type specific DNA binding of ubiquitous factors. Cell 51:435–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belasco, J. G., G. Nilsson, A. von Gabain, and S. N. Cohen. 1986. The stability of E. coli gene transcripts is dependent on determinants localized to specific mRNA segments. Cell 46:245–251.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ben-Neriah, Y., A. Bernards, M. Paskind, G. Daley, and D. Baltimore. 1986. Alternative 5′ exons in c-abl mRNA. Cell 44:577–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berk, A. J., and P. A. Sharp. 1977. Sizing and mapping of early adenovirus mRNAs by gel electrophoresis of S1 enconuclease digested hybrids. Cell 12:721–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird, A. P. 1986. CpG rich-islands and the function of DNA methylation. Nature (London) 321:209–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird, A. P. 1987. CpG rich islands as gene markers in the vertebrate nucleus. Trends Genet. 3:342–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird, A. P., M. H. Taggart, R. D. Nicholls, and D. R. Higgs. 1987. Non-methylated CpG-rich islands at the human α-globin locus: implications for evolution of the a-globin pseudogene. EMBO J. 6:999–1004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Breathnach, R., and P. Chambon. 1981. Organization and expression of eukaryotic split genes coding for proteins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 50:349–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busslinger, M., J. Hurst, and R. A. Flavell. 1983. Methylation and the regulation of globin gene expression. Cell 34:197–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, D. G., J. Gagnon, K. B. Reid, and A. F. Williams. 1981. Rat brain Thy-1 glycoprotein. The amino acid sequence, disulphide bonds and unusual hydrophobic region. Biochem. J. 195:15–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carlson, M., and D. Botstein. 1982. Two differentially regulated mRNAs with different 5′ ends encode secreted and intra cellular forms of yeast invertase. Cell 28:145–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, H.-C., T. Seki, T. Moriuchi, and J. Silver. 1985. Isolation and characterization of mouse Thy-1 genomic clones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:3819–3823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, S., F. Botteri, H. van der Putten, C. R. Landel, and G. Evans. 1987. A lymphoproliferative abnormality associated with inappropriate expression of the Thy-1 antigen in transgenic mice. Cell 51:7–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chu, M.-L., W. de Wet, M. Bernard, and F. Ramirez. 1985. Fine structural analysis of the human Pro-αl(I) collagen gene. J. Biol. Chem. 260:2315–2320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colantuoni, V., A. Pirozzi, C. Blance, and R. Cortese. 1987. Negative control of liver-specific gene expression: cloned human retinol-binding protein gene is repressed in HeLa cells. EMBO J. 6:631–636.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cross, G. 1987. Eukaryotic protein modification and membrane attachment via phosphatidylinositol. Cell 48:179–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crouse, G. F., C. C. Simonsen, R. N. McEwan, and R. T. Schimke. 1982. Structure of amplified normal and variant dihy-drofolate reductase genes in mouse sarcoma S180 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 257:7887–7897.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• d’Onofrio, C., V. Colantuoni, and R. Cortese. 1985. Structure and cell-specific expression of a cloned human retinol binding protein gene: the 5′ flanking region contains hepatoma specific transcriptional signals. EMBO J. 4:1981–1989.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dynan, S. W. 1986. Promoters for housekeeping genes. Trends Genet. 6:196–197.
   Google Scholar
• Feinberg, A. P., and B. Vogelstein. 1983. A technique for radiolabelling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity. Anal. Biochem. 132:6–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner-Garden, M., and M. Frommer. 1987. CpG islands in vertebrate genomes. J. Mol. Biol. 196:261–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giguere, V., K.-I. Isobe and F. G. Grosveld. 1985. Structure of the murine Thy-1 gene. EMBO J. 4:2017–2024.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gunter, K. C., R. N. Germain, R. A. Kroczek, T. Saito, W. M. Yokoyama, C. Chan, A. Weiss, and E. M. Shevach. 1987. Thy-1 mediated T-cell activation requires co-expression of CD3/Ti complex. Nature (London) 326:505–507.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hultmark, D., R. Klemenz, and W. J. Gehring. 1986. Transla-tional and transcriptional control elements in the untranslated leader of the heat-shock gene hsp22. Cell 44:429–438.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hutchison, N., and H. Weintraub. 1985. Localization of DNasel-sensitive sequences to specific regions of interphase nuclei. Cell 43:471–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingraham, H. A., and G. A. Evans. 1986. Characterization of two atypical promoters and alternate mRNA processing in the mouse Thy-1.2 glycoprotein gene. Mol. Cel. Biol. 6:2923–2931.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ingraham, H. A., G. M. Lawless, and G. A. Evans. 1986. The mouse Thy-1.2 glycoprotein gene: complete sequence and identification of an unusual promoter. J. Immunol. 136:1482–1489.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ishii, S., G. T. Merlino, and I. Pastan. 1985. Promoter region of the human Harvey ras proto-oncogene: similarity to the EGF receptor proto-oncogene promoter. Science 230:1378–1381.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ishii, S., Y.-H. Xu, P. H. Stratton, B. A. Roe, G. T. Merlino, and I. Pastan. 1985. Characterization and sequence of the promoter region of the human epidermal growth factor receptor gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:4920–4924.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keshet, I., J. Lieman-Hurwitz, and H. Cedar. 1986. DNA methylation affects the formation of active chromatin. Cell 44:535–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kioussis, D., E. Vanin, T. deLange, R. A. Flavell, and F. G. Grosveld. 1983. β-Globin gene inactivation by DNA translocation in γ-β thalassaemia. Nature (London) 306:662–666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollias, G., D. J. Evans, M. Ritter, J. Beech, R. Morris, and F. Grosveld. 1987. Ectopic expression of Thy-1 in the kidneys of transgenic mice induces functional and proliferative abnormalities. Cell 51:21–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kollias, G., E. Spanopoulou, F. Grosveld, M. Ritter, J. Beech, and R. Morris. 1987. Differential regulation of a Thy-1 gene in transgenic mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:1492–1496.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kollias, G., N. Wrighton, J. Hurst, and F. Grosveld. 1986. Regulated expression of human Aγ-β- and hybrid -γβ-globin genes in transgenic mice: manipulation of the developmental expression patterns. Cell 46:89–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolsto, A.-B., G. Kollias, V. Giguere, K.-I. Isobe, H. Prydz, and F. Grosveld. 1986. The maintenance of methylation-free islands in transgenic mice. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:9667–9678.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kroczek, R. A., K. C. Gunter, R. C. Germain, and E. M. Shevach. 1986. Thy-1 functions as a signal transduction molecule in T lymphocytes and transfected B lymphocytes. Nature (London) 322:181–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumlauf, R., P. W. H. Holland, J. McVey, and B. L. M. Hogan. 1987. Developmental and spatial patterns of expression of the mouse homeobox gene, Hox 2.1. Development 99:603–617.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linial, M., N. Gunderson, and M. Groudine. 1985. Enhanced transcription of c-myc in bursal lymphoma cells requires continuous protein synthesis. Science 230:1126–1132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low, M. G., and P. W. Kincade. 1985. Phosphatidyl inositol in the membrane-anchoring domain of the Thy-1 glycoprotein. Nature (London) 318:62–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrogan, M., C. C. Simonsen, D. T. Smouse, P. J. Farnham, and R. T. Schimke. 1985. Heterogeneity at the 5′ termini of mouse dihydrofolate reductase mRNAs. J. Biol. Chem. 260:2307–2314.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKeon, C., H. Ohkubo, I. Pastan, and B. deCrombrugghe. 1982. Unusual methylation pattern of the α2I collagen gene. Cell 29:203–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeon, C., I. Pastan, and B. de Crombrugghe. 1984. DNasel sensitivity of the α2(I) collagen gene: correlation with its expression but not with its methylation pattern. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:3491–3502.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morris, R. 1985. Thy-1 in developing nerve tissue. Dev. Neu-rosci. 7:133–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, E., and F. Grosveld. 1987. Site specific demethylation in the promoter of human -γ-globin gene does not alleviate methylation mediated suppression. EMBO J. 6:2329–2335.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reif, A., and J. Allen. 1964. The AKR thymic antigen and its distribution in leukemias and nervous tissues. J. Exp. Med. 120:413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, G. A., S. K. Basil, T. F. Osborne, D. J. Clein, G. Gel, M. S. Brown, J. L. Goldstein, and K. L. Luskey. 1984. HMG-CoA reductase: a negatively regulated gene with unusual promoter and 5′ untranslated region. Cell 38:275–285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saluz, H. P., J. Jiricny, and J. P. Jost. 1986. Genomic sequencing reveals a positive correlation between the kinetics of strand-specific DNA demethylation of the overlapping estradiol/glucor-ticoid-receptor binding sites and the rate of the avian vitellogenin mRNA synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:7167–7171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schibler, U., O. Hagenbuchle, P. K. Wellauer, and A. C. Pittet. 1983. Two promoters of different strengths control the transcription of the mouse alpha-amylase gene Amy-la in the parotid gland and the liver. Cell 33:501–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sneller, M., and K. Gunter. 1987. DNA methylation alters chromatin structure and regulates Thy-1 expression in EL-4 T cells. J. Immunol. 138:3505–3512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southern, E. M. 1975. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J. Mol. Biol. 98:503–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stalder, J., A. Larsen, J. D. Engel, M. Dolan, M. Groudine, and H. Weintraub. 1980. Tissue-specific DNA cleavages in the globin chromatin domain introduced by DNasel. Cell 20:451–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, R., N. Sciaky-Gallili, A. Razin, and H. Cedar. 1983. Pattern of methylation of two genes coding for housekeeping functions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:2422–2426.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tse, A. G. C., A. N. Barclay, A. Watts, and A. F. Williams. 1985. A glycophospholipid tail at the carboxyl terminus of the Thy-1 glycoprotein of neurons and thymocytes. Science 230:1003–1008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tykocinski, L. M., and E. E. Max. 1984. CG dinucleotide clusters in MHC genes and in 5′ demethylated genes. Nucleic Acids Res. 12:4385–4396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valerio, D., M. G. C. Duyvesteyn, B. M. M. Decker, G. Weeda, Th. M. Berkvens, L. van der Voorn, H. van Ormond, and A. J. van der Eb. 1985. Adenosine deaminase: characterization and expression of a gene with a remarkable promoter. EMBO J. 4:437–443.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van der Ploeg, L. H. T., and R. A. Flavell. 1980. DNA methylation in the human γδβ-globin locus in erythroid and non-erythroid tissues. Cell 19:947–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vigoreaux, J. O., and S. L. Tobin. 1987. Stage-specific selection of alternative transcriptional initiation sites from the 5C actin gene of Drosophila melanogaster. Genes Dev. 1:1161–1171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weaver, R. F., and C. Weissman. 1979. Mapping of RNA by a modification of the Berk-Sharp procedure. The 5′ termini of 15S β-globin mRNA precursor and mature 10S β-globin mRNA have identical map coordinates. Nucleic Acids Res. 6:1175–1192.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, A., and J. Gagnon. 1982. Neuronal cell Thy-1 glycoprotein: homology with immunoglobulin. Science 216:696–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, S. F., D. J. Jolly, K. D. Lunmen, T. Freidmand, and B. R. Migeon. 1984. Methylation of the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase locus on the human X-chromosome: implications for X-chromosome inactivation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:2806–2810.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu, C. 1987. The 5′ ends of Drosophila heat shock gene in chromatin are hypersensitive to DNasel. Nature (London) 286:854.
   Google Scholar
• Yagi, M., R. Gelinas, J. T. Elder, M. Peretz, T. Papayannopou-lou, G. Stamatoyannopouplos, and M. Groudine. 1986. Chromatin structure and developmental expression of the human α-globin cluster. Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:1108–1116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yee, A. S., R. Reichel, I. Kovesdi, and J. R. Nevins. 1987. Promoter interaction of the E1A-inducible factor E2F and its potential role in the formation of a multi-component complex. EMBO J. 6:2061–2068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yisraeli, J., R. S. Adelstein, D. Melloul, V. Nudel, D. Yaffe, and H. Cedar. 1986. Muscle-specific activation of a methylated chimeric actin gene. Cell 46:409–416.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar