LITERATURE CITED
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- Colbere-Garapin, F., F. Horodniceanu, P. Kourilsky, and A.-C. Garapin. 1981. A new dominant hybrid selective marker for higher eukaryotic cells. J. Mol. Biol. 150:1–14.
- Dexter, T. M., J. Garland, D. Scott, E. Scolnick, and D. Metcalf. 1980. Growth of factor-dependent hemopoietic precursor cell lines. J. Exp. Med. 152:1036–1047.
- Haeuptle, M.-T., N. Flint, N. M. Gough, and B. Dobberstein. 1989. A tripartite structure of the signals that determine protein insertion into the ER membrane. J. Cell Biol. 108:1227–1236.
- Hapel, A. J., G. Vande Woude, H. D. Campbell, I. G. Young, and T. Robins. 1986. Generation of an autocrine leukaemia using a retroviral expression vector carrying the interleukin-3 gene. Lymphokine Res. 5:249–254.
- Heldin, C.-H., C. Betsholtz, L. Claesson-Welsh, and B. Westermark. 1987. Subversion of growth regulatory pathways in malignant transformation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 907:219–244.
- Keating, M. T., and L. T. Williams. 1988. Autocrine stimulation of intracellular PDGF receptors in v-szs-transformed cells. Science 239:914–916.
- Laker, C., C. Stocking, U. Bergholz, N. Hess, J. F. DeLamarter, and W. Ostertag. 1987. Autocrine stimulation after transfer of the granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor gene and autonomous growth are distinct but interdependent steps in the oncogenic pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:8458–8462.
- Lang, R. A., D. Metcalf, N. M. Gough, A. R. Dunn, and T. J. Gonda. 1985. Expression of a hemopoietic growth factor cDNA in a factor-dependent cell line results in autonomous growth and turmorigenicity. Cell 43:531–542.
- Metcalf, D.. 1985. The granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factors. Science 229:16–22.
- Ostertag, W., C. Stocking, G. R. Johnson, N. Kluge, R. Kollek, T. Franz, and N. Hess. 1987. Transforming genes and target cells of murine spleen focus-forming viruses. Adv. Cancer Res. 48:193–355.
- Schrader, J. W., and R. M. Crapper. 1983. Autogenous production of a hemopoietic growth factor, persisting-cell-stimulating factor, as a mechanism for transformation of bone marrow-derived cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:6892–6896.
- Spooncer, E., C. M. Heyworth, A. Dunn, and T. M. Dexter. 1986. Self-renewal and differentiation of interleukin-3-dependent multipotent stem cells are modulated by stromal cells and serum factors. Differentiation 31:111–118.
- Stocking, C., R. Kollek, U. Bergholz, and W. Ostertag. 1985. Long terminal repeat sequences impart hematopoietic transformation properties to the myeloproliferative sarcoma virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:5746–5750.
- Stocking, C., C. Loliger, M. Kawai, S. Suciu, N. Gough, and W. Ostertag. 1988. Identification of genes involved in growth autonomy of hematopoietic cells by analysis of factor-independent mutants. Cell 53:869–879.
- Wong, P. M. C., S.-W. Chung, and A. Nienhuis. 1987. Retroviral transfer and expression of the interleukin-3 gene in hemopoietic cells. Genes Dev. 1:358–365.