On the Need for Larger Manning's Roughness Coefficients in Depth-Integrated Tsunami Inundation Models

References

• Abe, I. & Imamura, F. [2010] “Study on the evaluation of Tsunami inundation in real time with database and its Accuracy,” Ann. J. Coastal. Eng. 66(1), 261–265 (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Abu-Aly, T. R. , Pasternack, G. B. , Wyrick, J. R. , Barker, R. , Massa, D. & Johnson, T. [2014] “Effects of LiDAR-derived, spatially distributed vegetation roughness on two-dimensional hydraulics in a gravel-cobble river at flows of 0.2 to 20 times bankfull,” Geomorphology 206, 468–482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aburaya, T. & Imamura, F. [2002] “The proposal of a tsunami run-up simulation using combined equivalent roughness,” Ann. J. Coastal Eng. 49, 276–280 (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Aida, I. [1977] “Numerical experiments for inundation of tsunamis, Susaki and Usa, in the Kochi Prefecture,” Bull. Earthquake Res. Inst. 52, 441–460 (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Akita Prefecture [2014] “Tsunami inundation simulation,” Available at http://www.pref.akita.lg.jp/www/contents/1377750769093/files/07_tsunami.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Applied Technology Council [2008] “Guidelines for design of structures for vertical evacuation from tsunamis,” Rep. FEMA P646 of the Federal Emergency Management Administration, FEMA, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Arcement, G. J. Jr. & Schneider, V. R. [1984] “Guide for selecting manning's roughness coefficients for natural channels and flood plains,” Report No. FHWA-TS-84-204, Federal Highway Administration, Also published as US Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2339 [ 1989].
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, H. H. Jr. [1967] “Roughness characteristics of natural channels,” US Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1849.
   Google Scholar
• Benson, M. A. & Dalrymple, T. [1967] “General field and office procedures for indirect discharge measurements,” US Geological Survey Techniques of Water Resources Investigations, Book 3, Chapter. A1, 30 p.
   Google Scholar
• Bretschneider, C. L. , Krock, H. J. , Nakazaki, E. & Casciano, F. M. [1986] “Roughness of Typical Hawaiian Terrain for Tsunami run-up calculations: A user's manual,” J.K.K. Look Laboratory Report, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawai'i.
   Google Scholar
• Bricker, J. D. , Inagaki, S. & Monismith, S. G. [2005] “Bed coefficient variability under wind waves in a tidal estuary,” J. Hydraul. Eng. 131(6), 497–508.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, S. A. , Schall, J. D. , Morris, J. L. , Doherty, C. L. , Stein, S. M. k Warner, J. C. [2009]. Urban Drainage Design Manual, Hydraulic Engineering Circular 22, Federal Highway Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Bunya, S. , Deitrich, J. C. , Westerink, J. J. , Ebersole, B. A. , Smith, J. M. , Atkinson, J. H. , Jensen, R. , REsio, D. T. , Luettich, R. A. , Dawson, C. , Cardone, V. J. , Cox, A. T. , Powell, M. D. , Westerink, H. J. & Roberts, H. J. [2010] “A high-resolution coupled riverine flow, tide, wind, wind wave, and storm surge model for southern louisiana and Mississippi. Part I: Model development and validation,” Mon. Weather Rev. 18, 345–377.
   Google Scholar
• Chanson, H. [2004] The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An Introduction, 2nd edn. (Elsevier, Amsterdam).
   Google Scholar
• Chow, V. T. [1959] Open-Channel Hydraulics (McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York), p. 113.
   Google Scholar
• Dao, M. H. & Tkalich, P. [2007] “Tsunami propagation modelling—a sensitivity study,” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 7, 741–754.
   Google Scholar
• Dietrich, J. C. , Westerink, J. J. , Kennedy, A. B. , Smith, J. M. , Jensen, R. E. , Zijlema, M. , Holthuijsen, L. H. , Dawson, C. , Luettich, R. A., Jr. , Powell, M. D. , Cardone, V. J. , Cox, A. T. , Stone, G. W. , Pourtaheri, H. , Hope, M. E. , Tanaka, S. , Westerink, L. G. , Westerink, H. J. & Cobell, Z. [2011] “Hurricane Gustav (2008) waves and storm surge: Hindcase, synoptic analysis, and validation in Southern Louisiana,” Mon. Weather Rev. 139, 2488–2522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta, D. , Alam, J. , Umeda, K. , Hayashi, M. & Hironaka, S. [2007] “A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model for flood inundation simulation: A case study in the lower Mekong river basin,” Hydrol. Process. 21, 1223–1237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehime Prefecture [2014] “Tsunami inundation prediction,” Available at http://www.pref.ehime.jp/bosai/higaisoutei/documents/6dai3hen-tsunami.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Fasken, G. B. [1963] “Guide for selecting roughness coefficient “n” values for channels: US Department of Agriculture,” Soil Conservation Service, Lincoln, Nebr., 24 p. plus appendices.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) [2003] Coastal Construction Manual (CCM), 3rd edn. (FEMA 55), p. 296, http://www.fema.gov/media-library/assets/documents/3293.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, R. [2010] “Time to abandon the Manning equation?” Earth Surface Processes Landforms. 35, 1873–1876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, G. E. , Rahmeyer, W. J. & Copeland, R. R. [2000] “Determination of resistance due to shrubs and woody vegetation,” US Army Corps of Engineering Coastal & Hydraulics Laboratory report ERDC/CHL TR-00-25.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuoka, S. , Kawashima, M. , Matsunaga, N. & Maeuchi, H. [1994] “Flooding water over a crowded urban district,” J. Hydraul. Coastal Environ. No. 491/11–27 Eng., Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 51–60 (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Gayer, G. , Leschka, S. , Nohren, I. Larsen, O. & Gunther, H. [2010] “Tsunami inundation modelling based on detailed roughness maps of densely populated areas,” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 10, 1679–1687.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, S. [2005] “Unsteady HEC-RAS Model of the downtown reach of the Truckee River,” HEC, PR-58, p. 39.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, S. [2014] “Morphological dependence and feedbacks of loss coefficients,” International Workshop on the Application of Fluid Mechanics to Disaster Reduction, Sendai, Japan, Available at http://hydraulic.lab.irides.tohoku.ac.jp/app-def/S-102/2014/?page_id=15.
   Google Scholar
• Goto, C. & Shuto, N. [1983] “Effects of large obstacles on tsunami inundations,” Tsunamis — Their Science and Engineering (Terra Scientific Publishing Company, Tokyo, Japan), pp. 511–525.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, W. D. & Madsen, O. S. [1979] “Combined wave and current interaction with a rough bottom,” J. Geophys. Res. 84(C4), 1797–1808.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harada, K. & Imamura, F. [2005]. “Effects of coastal forest on tsunami hazard mitigation—a preliminary approach investigation,” Adv. Nat. Technol. Haz. Res. 23, 279–292.
   Google Scholar
• Hicks, D. M. k. Mason, P. D. [1991] “Roughness characteristics of New Zealand rivers,” Water Resources Survey, DSIR Marine and Freshwater.
   Google Scholar
• Ibaragi Prefecture [2014] “About tsunami inundation prediction,” Available at http://www.pref.ibaraki.jp/bukyoku/doboku/01class/class06/kaigan/tsunamisinnsui/file/01hajimeni/hajimeni-12.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Imai, K. , Imamura, F. & Iwama, S. [2013] “Advanced Tsunami computation for urban regions,” J. Japan Soc. Civil Engineers B2 (Coastal Engineering) 69(2), I_311-I_315 (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Iwasaki, T. & Togashi, H. [1966] “Study of tsunami runup onto flat land,” Ann. J. Coastal Eng. 13, 223–229 (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe, B. E. , Goto, K. , Sugawara, D. , Richmond, B. M. , Fujino, S. & Nishimura, Y. [2012] “Flow speed estimated by inverse modeling of sandy deposits: Results from the 11 March 2011 tsunami on the coastal plain near the Sendai Airport, Honshu, Japan,” Sediment. Geol. 282, 90–109.
   Google Scholar
• Jarrett, R. D. [1984] “Hydraulics of high-gradient streams,” J. Hydraul. Eng. 110, 1519–1539.
   Google Scholar
• Japan Society of Civil Engineers [1989] “Handbook of Civil Engineering, 4th edn. (Gihodo Publishers, Tokyo, Japan) (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, G. , Scheele, L. , Koretnhaus, A. , Lovholt, F. , Romer, H. & Leschka, S. [2011] “The influence of land cover roughness on the results of high resolution tsunami inundation modeling,” Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 11, 2521–2540.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasaki, K. & Ogiso K. [2009] “Development of 3-D multiphase flow numerical model “DOLPHIN-3D” and its application to wave-rigid body interaction problems,” Proc. 31st Int. Conf. Coastal Engineering , pp. 3199–3211.
   Google Scholar
• Koshimura, S. , Oie, T. , Yanagisawa, H. & Imamura, F. [2009] “Developing fragility functions for tsunami damage estimation using numerical model and post-tsunami data from Banda Aceh, Indonesia,” Coastal Eng. J. 51(3), 243–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotani, M. , Imamura F. & Shuto N. [1998] “Tsunami run-up simulation and damage estimation by using geographical information system,” Proc. Coastal Eng. 45, 356–360 (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• KRNV [1997] “Reno Flood News Coverage,” Available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShXYhq9iJIY.
   Google Scholar
• Kundu, P. K. [1990] Fluid Mechanics (Academic Press, San Diego), p. 392.
   Google Scholar
• Medeiros, S. C. , Hagen, S. C. & Weishampel, J. F. [2012] “Comparison of floodplain surface roughness parameters derived from land cover data and field measurements,” J. Hydrol. 452–453, 129–149.
   Google Scholar
• Mendez, F. J. & Losada, I. J. [2004] “An empirical model to estimate the propagation of random breaking and nonbreaking waves over vegetation fields,” Coastal Eng. 51(2), 103–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MLITT [2012] “Guide to determining the potential tsunami inundation,” Seacoast Office, Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and Coast Division, River Department, National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. Version 2.00.
   Google Scholar
• Omira, R. , Baptista, M. A. & Miranda, J. M. [2010] “Evaluating Tsunami impact on the Gulf of Cadiz Coast (Northeast Atlantic),” Pure Appl. Geophys. 168, 1033–1043.
   Google Scholar
• Peakall, J. & Warburton, J. [1996] “Surface tension in small hydraulic river models—the significance of the Weber number,” J. Hydrol ( NZ), 25(2), 199–212.
   Google Scholar
• Petryk, S. & Bosmajian, G. III [1975] “Analysis of flow through vegetation,” Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Eng. J. Hydraul. Division , 101(HY7), 871–884.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pignatelli, C. , Sanso, P. & Mastronuzzi, G. [2009] “Evaluation of tsunami flooding using geomorphologic evidence,” Mar. Geol. 260, 6–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raupach, M. R. [1994] “Simplified expressions for vegetation roughness length and zero-plane displacement as functions of canopy height and area index,” Boundary Layer Meteorol. 71, 211–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanuki, H. , Takemori, R. , Tajima, Y. & Sato, S. [2013] “Study on tsunami flooding in river based on video images and numerical simulation,” Ann. J. Coastal Eng. 69(2), I_196-I_200 (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Sellin, R. H. J. , Bryant, T. B. & Loveless, J. H. [2003] “An improved method for roughening floodplains on physical river models,” J. Hydraul. Res. 41(1), 3–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi, H. & Bricker, J. [2014] “Assessment of the effectiveness of general breakwaters in reducing tsunami inundation in Ishinomaki,” Coastal Eng. J. 56(4), 21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, H. [1995] “Quasi-steady property of bottom friction in a wave boundary layer,” JSCE Ann. J. Hydraul. Eng. 39, 857–862 (in Japanese).
   Google Scholar
• Tang, L. , Titov, V. V. & Chamberlin, C. D. [2009] “Development, testing, and applications of site-specific tsunami inundation models for real-time forecasting,” J. Geophysi. Re. 114, C12025.
   Google Scholar
• Theo, H. K. [2009] “Tsunami hazard in Israel,” Report prepared for Geological Society of Israel by URS Corporation, Pasadena, California.
   Google Scholar
• Thuy, N. B. , Tanimoto, K. , Tanaka, N. , Harada, K. & Iimura, K. [2009] “Effect of open gap in coastal forest on tsunami run-up—investigations by experiment and numerical simulation,” Ocean Eng. 36, 1258–1269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titov, V. V. , Gonzalez, F. I. , Mofjeld, H. O. & Venturato, A. J. [2003] “NOAA TIME Seattle tsunami mapping project: Procedures, data sources, and products,” NOAA Technical Memorandum OAR PMEL-124.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, S. Y. & Christensen, B. A. [1986] “Friction in hurricane-induced surges,” Coastal Eng. Proc. pp. 822–836.
   Google Scholar
• Wei, Y. [2006] “Tsunami Runup Model and Forecast,” Ph.D Dissertation, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu.
   Google Scholar
• Weichel, T. , Pappenberger, F. & Schulz, K. [2007] “Sensitivity and uncertainty in flood inundation modelling—concept of an analysis framework,” Adv. Geosci. 11, 31–36.
   Google Scholar
• Werner, M. G. F. , Hunter, N. M. & Bates, P. D. [2005] “Identifiability of distributed floodplain roughness values in flood extent estimation,” J. Hydrol. 314, 139–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanagisawa, H. , Koshimura, S. , Goto, K. , Miyagi, T. , Imamura, F. , Ruangrasamee, A. & Tanavud, C. [2009] “The reduction effects of mangrove forest on a tsunami based on field surveys at Pakarang Cape, Thailand and numerical analysis,” Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 81, 27–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar