Combined Estimation of Low-Altitude Radio Refractivity Based on Sea Clutters from Multiple Shipboard Radars

References

• Anderson , K. D. 1995 . Radar detection of low-altitude targets in a maritime environment . IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. , 43 ( No. 6 ) : 609 – 613 .
   Google Scholar
• Hitney , H. V. and Vieth , R. 1990 . Statistical assessment of evaporation duct propagation . IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. , 38 ( No. 6 ) : 794 – 799 .
   Google Scholar
• Alexopoulos , A. 2010 . Effect of atmospheric propagation in RCS predictions . Progress In Electromagnetics Research , 101 : 277 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , J.-P. , Wu , Z.-S. , Zhu , Q.-L. and Wang , B. 2011 . A four-parameter M-profile model for the evaporation duct estimation from radar clutter . Progress In Electromagnetics Research , 114 : 353 – 368 .
   Google Scholar
• Rowland , J. R. , Konstanzer , G. C. Neves , M. R. 1996 . “ SEA-WASP: Refractivity characterization using shipboard sensors ” . In Proceedings of the Battlespace Atmospherics Conference , 155 – 164 . San Diego , Calif : Tech. Doc. 2938, Nav. Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Cent .
   Google Scholar
• Richter , J. H. Aug. 1994 . “ Sensing of radio refractivity and aerosol extinction ” . In International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Vol. 1 , Aug. , 381 – 385 . Pasadena , CA 8–12
   Google Scholar
• Haack , T. and Burk , S. D. 2001 . Summertime marine refractivity conditions along coastal California . J. Appl. Meteorology , 40 ( No. 4 ) : 673 – 687 .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , L. T. , Hattan , C. P. and Stapleton , J. K. 2000 . Estimating evaporation duct heights from radar sea echo . Radio Sci. , 35 ( No. 4 ) : 955 – 966 .
   Google Scholar
• Gerstoft , P. , Rogers , L. T. Krolik , J. L. 2003 . Inversion for refractivity parameters from radar sea clutter . Radio Sci. , 38 ( No. 3 ) : 8053
   Google Scholar
• Yardim , C. , Gerstoft , P. and Hodgkiss , W. S. 2009 . Sensitivity analysis and performance estimation of refractivity from clutter techniques . Radio Sci. , 44 ( RS1008 )
   Google Scholar
• Douvenot , R. , Fabbro , V. Gerstoft , P. 2010 . Real time refractivity from clutter using a best fit approach improved with physical information . Radio Sci. , 45 ( RS1007 )
   Google Scholar
• Kuttler , J. R. and Dockery , G. D. 1991 . Theoretical description of the parabolic approximation/Fourier split-step method of representing electromagnetic propagation in the troposphere . Radio Sci. , 26 ( No. 2 ) : 381 – 393 .
   Google Scholar
• Dockery , G. D. and Kuttler , J. R. 1996 . An improved impedance-boundary algorithm for fourier split-step solutions of the parabolic wave equation . IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. , 44 ( No. 12 ) : 1592 – 1599 .
   Google Scholar
• Paulus , R. A. 1990 . Evaporation duct effects on sea clutter . IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. , 38 ( No. 11 ) : 1765 – 1771 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , A.-Q. , Guo , L.-X. and Chai , C. 2010 . Numerical simulations of electromagnetic scattering from 2D rough surface: Geometric modeling by nurbs surface . Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications , 24 ( No. 10 ) : 1315 – 1328 .
   Google Scholar
• Liang , D. , Xu , P. , Tsang , L. , Gui , Z. and Chen , K.-S. 2009 . Electromagnetic scattering by rough surfaces with large heights and slopes with applications to microwave remote sensing of rough surface over layered media . Progress In Electromagnetics Research , 95 : 199 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , Z.-S. , Zhang , J.-P. , Guo , L.-X. and Zhou , P. 2009 . An improved two-scale model with volume scattering for the dynamic ocean surface . Progress In Electromagnetics Research , 89 : 39 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , L. , Yang , F. and Elsherbeni , A. Z. 2009 . On the use of random variables in particle swarm optimizations: A comparative study of Gaussian and uniform distributions . Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications , 23 ( Nos. 5–6 ) : 711 – 721 .
   Google Scholar