Rethinking Gender: Negotiating Future Queer Rights in ThailandFootnote¹

1 Although this article synthesizes the author’s existing research, it presents new arguments from previously unpublished research.

References

• Aizura, A.Z. (2011). The romance of the amazing scalpel: “Race”, labour, and affect. In P. Jackson (Ed.), Thai gender reassignment clinics in Queer Bangkok: 21st century markets, media and rights (pp. 143–183). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arunrat, T., Banwell, C., Carmichael, G., Utomo, I.D., & Sleigh, A. (2010). Sexual identities and lifestyles among non-heterosexual urban Chiang Mai youth: Implications for health. Culture, Health & Sexuality: An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care,12(7), 827–841.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, D., Binnie, J., Cream, J., & Valentine, G. (1994). All hyped up and no place to go. Gender, Place and Culture, /(1), 31-48; cited in Doan, Petra (2010). Queers in the American City: Transgendered perceptions of urban space. Gender, Place & Culture,14(1), 57–74.
   Google Scholar
• Bender-Baird, K. (2008). Examining cisgender privilege while conducting transgender research. Paper presented at National Women’s Studies Association Conference, June 19-22,2008, Cincinnati, OH.
   Google Scholar
• Bishop, R., & Lillian, S.-R. (1999). Genealogies of exotic desire: The Thai night market in the Western imagination. In P. Jackson & N. Cook (Eds), Gender & sexualities in modern Thailand (pp. 191–205). Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bookman, M.-Z., & Karla, R.-B. (2007). Medical tourism in developing countries. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Burford, J. (2010). (The) Margin(s) speak A multifaceted examination ofpractising “men who have sex with men” development in Bangkok Unpublished master’s thesis, Victoria University of Wellington, Aotearoa, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble, feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Chantalak, R. (2007). Statement of intention of article 30 in the 2550/2007 constitution draft and the protection of the rights of persons who have sexual identity. Rights Viewpoint, 6 (2), 15.
   Google Scholar
• Chau, P.-I., & Herring, J. (2002). Defining, assigning and designing sex. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family,16(3), 327–367.
   Google Scholar
• Cornwall, A. (2007). Revisiting the “gender agenda.” IDS Bulletin, 38 (2), 69–78.
   Google Scholar
• Doan, Petra (2010). Queers in the American city: Transgendered perceptions of urban space. Gender, Place and Culture,14(1), 57–74.
   Google Scholar
• Earth, B. (2006). Diversifying gender: Male to female transgender identities and HIV/AIDS programming in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Gender and Development Journal,14(2), 258–271.
   Google Scholar
• Esterik, P. (1999). Repositioning gender, sexualities, and power in Thai studies. In P.A. Jackson & Narida Cook (Eds), Genders and sexualities in modern Thailand (pp. 280–282). Chiang Mai, Thailand: Haworth Press and Silkworm Books.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, J., & Kick, E. (2003, August). Developing a theory of community building. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Atlanta, GA. Retrieved from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p107594_index.html
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, R. (2005, July). Shifting market, shifting risks: Male and transgender tourist-oriented sex work in South-East Asia. Paper presented at the first international conference of queer studies titled “Sexualities, Genders and Rights in Asia,” Bangkok, Thailand.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt, P. (2008). Foreword. In A. Cornwall, S. Corra, & S. Jolly (Eds), Development with a body: Sexuality, human rights and development (pp. xi—xiv). London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, P. (1995). Dear uncle go: Male homosexualities in Thailand. Bangkok: Bua Luang Books Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, P(2011). Queer Bangkok: 21st century, media and rights. Hong Kong:Hong Kong University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, P., & Cook, N. (1999). Genders and sexualities in modern Thailand. Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.
   Google Scholar
• Jermjai, Y. (2007, June 13). Thai kathoeys go international. Manager, p. 13.
   Google Scholar
• Jolly, S. (2000). “Queering” development: Exploring the links between same-sex sexualities, gender, and development. Gender and Development Journal,8(1), 78–88.
   Google Scholar
• Kempadoo, K. (1998). Introduction: Globalizing sex workers’ rights. In K. Kempadoo & J. Dozema (Eds), Global sex worker: Rights resistance, and redefinition (pp. 1–28). New York & London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Nantiya, S. (2005). Relationship between modern medical technology and gender identity in Thailand: Passing from “male bodies” to “female bodies.’ Unpublished master’s thesis, Mahidol University, Thailand.
   Google Scholar
• National Human Rights Commission of Thailand (2008). Evaluate report on the human rights of lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender and intersex people. Bangkok, Thailand, by Ojanen, Timo.
   Google Scholar
• O’Flahert, M., & Fisher, J. (2008). Sexual orientation, gender identity and international human rights law: Contextualizing the Yogyakarta principles. Human Rights Law Review,8, 207–248.
   Google Scholar
• Ojanen, T. (2009). Sexual/gender minorities in Thailand: Identities, challenges, and voluntary-sector counseling. Sexuality Research & Social Policy: Journal of NSRC,6(2), 4–34.
   Google Scholar
• Ojanen, T(2010). Mental health services and sexual/gender minority clients inBangkok, Thailand: View by service users and service providers. Master’s thesis, Assumption University, Thailand.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, R., & Aggleton, P. (1999). Introduction. In R. Parker, & P. Aggleton(Eds), Culture, society and sexuality: A reader (pp. 1–9). Oxford: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Preecha, T., & Prayuth, C. (2004). Sex reassignment surgery in Thailand. Journal of Medicine Thai,8(11), 1404–1424.
   Google Scholar
• Royal Gazette (2009). The Thai medical council regulations “1101°1161_1mm nri man isromoiassnunilitintosn,” 126, Special Section aka 4, 37, May 29,2009 (siti’mnininui, tau otob Olottimi aka 4, 91111Lod munimi toaato).
   Google Scholar
• Sinnott, M. (1999). Masculinity and Tom identity in Thailand. In Peter Jackson & Gerard Sullivan (Eds), Lady boys, tom boys, rent boys: Male and female homosexualities in contemporary Thailand (pp. 94–116). Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.
   Google Scholar
• Slamah, K. (1998). Transgenders and sex work in Malaysia. In K. Kempadoo & J. Dozema (Eds), Global sex worker: Rights resistance, and redefinition (pp. 210–214.) New York & London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Stop Trans Pathologization Campaign (2012). International day of action for trans depathologization. Organized by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved August 17,2012, from http://www.stp2012.info/old/en/
   Google Scholar
• Stryker, S. (2004). Transgender activism. Online Encyclopedia of the Social Science. Retrieved June 1,2012, from http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/transgenderactivism.html
   Google Scholar
• Tirohl, B. (2007). A study of the rights of cross-dressers in the UK. Journal of Gender Studies,16(3), 277–289.
   Google Scholar
• Totman, R. (2003). The third sex: Kathoey-Thailand’s ladyboys. London: Souvenir Press Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Transsexual Road Map (2012). Academic pathologization of transgender people, organized by Academic Pathologization. Last updated March 6, 2012. Retrieved August 14,2012, from http://www.tsroadmap.com/info/academic-pathologization.html
   Google Scholar
• Turner, V. (1974). Dramas, fields, and metaphors: Symbolic action in human society. Cornell UP: Ithaca.
   Google Scholar
• Warunee, S. (2003). Life without identity of kathoey who have a sex change. Master’s thesis, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
   Google Scholar
• Weeks, J. (1985). Sexuality and its discontents: Meanings, myths and modern sexualities. Routledge and Kegan Paul: London.
   Google Scholar
• Winter, S. (2002). Country report: Thailand. Research and Discussion Paper. Retrieved August 18, 2012, from http://web.hku.h1d—sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/country_report_thailand.htm
   Google Scholar
• Winter, S. (2011). Transpeople (Khon kham-phet) in Thailand: Transprejudice, exclusion, and the presumption of mental illness. In Peter Jackson (Ed.), Queer Bangkok: 21st century, media and rights (pp. 251–267). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Witchayanee, O. (2008). Expounding gender: Male and transgender (male to female) sex worker identities in the global-Thai sex sector. PhD thesis, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand.
   Google Scholar
• Witchayanee, O(2011). Thai Transsexual’s experiences with discrimination inemployment: Migration and commercial sex in Thailand and The Netherlands. In A. Sharon et al. (Eds), Human rights in Southeast Asia: Breaking the silence (pp. 227-240). Retrieved June 26, 2012, from http://www.seahrn.org/media/bookl_breaking_silence.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Witchayanee, O(2012). Transsexual emergence: Gender variant identities in Thailand.Culture, Health & Sexuality: An International Journal for Research, Intervention and Care,14(5), 563-575. Retrieved June 26, 2012, from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13691058.2012.672653
   Google Scholar
• Witchayanee, O(2013a). Identity diversification among transgender sex workers inThailand’s sex tourism industry. SEXUALITIES: The Study of Society and Culture,16(2), 225–242.
   Google Scholar
• Witchayanee, O(2013b). Not yet queer enough: Revising “gender” in development. InPranee Liamputtong (Ed.), Thailand’s today: Political and social perspectives (pp. 327-349). The Netherlands: Springer Publication.
   Google Scholar
• Wuthichai, B., & Manee, P. (1999). The dynamic of sex tourism: The case of Southeast Asia; cited in Somphob, R. (1999). Tumra Jitawetchasart (Abnormal Psychology). Bangkok: Ruen Kaw Publisher.
   Google Scholar
• Yutthana, S. (2000). Rights and liberties of male homosexual under the constitution law: Analyzing from Thai social problems. Bangkok, Thailand: Chulalongkom University.
   Google Scholar