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Research in Focus

'Their palms were crossed with silver': The Payment of Workers in Early Textile Factories 1780–1830

Pages 229-237 | Published online: 19 Jul 2013

References

  • G. W. Daniels, ‘The Cotton Trade During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars’, Manchester Statistical Society (1916 ), p. 61.
  • Harrington E. Manville, Tokens of the Industrial Revolution — Foreign Silver Coins Countermarked for Use in Great Britain c. 1787–1828 (British Numismatic Society Special Publication No. 3, London: Spink 2001), p. xiii (winner of the 2002 book prize of the International Association of Professional Numismatists).
  • E. M. Kelly, Spanish Dollars & Silver Tokens 1797–1816 (London: Spink, 1976 ), p. 1.
  • C. E. Challis, A New History of the Royal Mint (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992 ), p. 449.
  • Challis, A New History, pp. 449–50.
  • Peter Mathias, ‘Official and Unofficial Money in the 18th Century: The Evolving Uses of Currency’, British Numismatic Journal, 74 (2004 ), pp. 68–83.
  • Arthur W. Waters, Notes on the Silver Tokens of the 19th Century (London: B. A. Seaby, 1957 ), p. vii.
  • Michael M. Edwards, The Growth of the British Cotton Trade 1780–1815 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1967), pp. 230–33.
  • Frances Collier, ‘An Early Factory Community’, Economic History, ii, no. 5 (1930 ), pp. 117–24.
  • Letter in the Greenock Advertiser, 23 December 1803, to the Editor from A. Shopkeeper calling for more Countermarked Dollars to be made available for the benefit of tradesmen and labourers.
  • The earliest countermarks had no issuer’s name or value, the latest known countermarked host coin dated 1827 was from a Greenock grocer. The latest dated host coin for a cotton related issue is 1821.
  • Eric C. Hodge, ‘Adelphi Cotton Works’, Spink Numismatic Circular, cx, no. 3 (2002 ), pp. 110–12.
  • Manville, Tokens, pp. 243–47.
  • G. M. Mitchell, ‘The English and Scottish Cotton Industries’, Scottish Historical Review, xxii (1925 ), pp. 102–14, especially pp. 107–08.
  • W. H. Chaloner, ‘Robert Owen, Peter Drinkwater and the Early Factory System in Manchester 1788–1800’, Bulletin of the John Ryland Library 37 (1954 ), pp. 87–102.
  • John Shaw, Water Power in Scotland 1550–1870 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1984 ), pp. 530–31.
  • T. S. Ashton, ‘The Bill of Exchange and Private Banks in Lancashire 1790–1830’, Economic History Review, xv, nos. 1–2 (1945), pp. 25–35.
  • George Unwin with A. Hulme and G. Taylor, Samuel Oldknow and the Arkwrights (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1924 ), pp. 176–93.
  • For early copper tokens in the north of England, see S. H. Hamer, ‘Tokens Illustrative of Spinning and Weaving’, Halifax Antiquarian Society (1920 ), pp. 29–52.
  • Eric C. Hodge, ‘Levern Mill — A New Countermark Variety or Different Die?’, Spink Numismatic Circular, cxiv, no. 4 (2006 ), pp. 200–02.
  • Mrs George Cartwright, ‘Some Cartwright Records’, Transactions of the Thoroton Society, xiii (1910 ), p. 131.
  • Cark House, the home of James Stockdale, still stands today. It is now empty, and a bit worse for wear, but remains as a monument to one of the early pioneers of countermarked currency.
  • W. H. Chaloner, ‘The Stockdale Family’, Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society, lxiv (1964 ), pp. 357–58.
  • James Stockdale III, Annales Caermoelense (1872 ), or Annals of Cartmel (reprinted Whitehaven: Michael I. Moon, 1978), p. 385.
  • A. J. Cooke, ‘Richard Arkwright and the Scottish Cotton Industry’, Textile History, X (1979 ), pp. 196–202; and R. S. Fitton, The Arkwrights-Spinners of Fortune (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), p. 23.
  • Manville, Tokens, p. 203.
  • Eric C. Hodge, ‘Merchant Countermarked Dollars in Wales?’ Spink Numismatic Circular, cxiii, no. 1 (2005 ), pp. 11–13, and cxiii, no. 2 (2005), p. 91.
  • A. H. Dodd, ‘The Beginnings of Banking in North Wales’, Economica, 16 (1926 ), p. 24.
  • P. S. Richards, ‘The Holywell Textile Mills’, Flintshire Industrial Archaeology, 6, no. 1 (1969 ), p. 32.
  • John Butt, Robert Owen Prince of Cotton Spinners (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1971 ), pp. 12, 43 and 93.
  • David J. McLaren, David Dale of New Lanark (Glasgow: Caring Books, 1999 ), pp. 77–85.
  • New Lanark Conservation Trust, The Story of Robert Owen 1771–1858, 2nd edn (New Lanark, 2004), pp. 19–22.
  • Manville, Tokens, pp. 38–45.
  • James Finlay & Co. Ltd, Manufacturers and East India Merchants 1750–1950 (Glasgow: Jackson Son & Company, 1951), pp. 60–66.
  • Manville, Tokens, pp. 15–18.
  • T. C. Smout, A History of the Scottish People 1560–1830 (Glasgow: William Collins, 1969), p. 236.
  • R. Sharp and J. H. Pratt, ‘The Cotton Industry in Rothesay’, Transactions of the Bute Natural History Society, 2 (1908 /09), pp. 12–25.

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