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Articles

Russian Imperialism and the Commercialization of the Central Asian Cotton Trade

Pages 233-258 | Published online: 19 Jul 2013

References

  • Olaf Caro, Soviet Empire: The Turks of Central Asia and Stalinism (London, 1967 ), pp. 5–6.
  • This required the permission of the Ministry of War, which administered the Govemor- Generalship of Turkestan. This Ministry adopted a much harder line against foreign enterprise than did the Ministry of Finance.
  • J. Whitman, ‘Turkestan Cotton in Imperial Russia’, American Slavic and East European Review, xv (1956 ), pp. 190–205; and D. Spring, ‘Railways and Economic Development in Turkestan before 1917’ in L. Symons and C. White (eds.) Russian Transport: An Historical and Geographical Survey (London, 1975), pp. 46–74.
  • Turkestanskiye Vedomosti (The Turkestan Gazette), 9 Aug 1914. The motivations for Russia’s advance into Central Asia have been variously described as an inevitable consequence of the power vacuum which arose through the enfeeblement of the Central Asian Khanates or as perhaps of Russia’s ‘irrepressible urge to expand, primarily to the east, rooted in the predatory Cossack spirit, Russian merchant adventurism, and messianism connected with Moscow’s Orthodox heritage from Byzantium’. E. Allworth (ed.), Central Asia: 120 Years of Russian Rule (Durham and London, Duke University Press, 1989), p. 54.
  • Prince V. I. Masal'skiy, ‘Turkestanskiy Kray’, PoVnoye Geograficheskoye Opisaniye Nashego Otechestva, (The Turkestan Region: The Complete Geographical Description of our Fatherland) xix (St. Petersburg, 1913 ), pp. 454–66.
  • J. Whitman, op. cit., pp. 190–205.
  • M. K. Rozhkova, Ekonomicheskiye Svyazy Rossii So Sredney Azii: 40–60 yye Gody XIX Veka (Russia’s economic links with Central Asia from the 1840s to the 1860s) (Moscow, 1963), pp. 76–87; and D. Spring, op. cit., pp. 46–74.
  • Turkestanskiye Vedomosti^ 15 July 1914 and 16 July 1914.
  • Masal'skiy, op. cit., p. 454; Pierce, op. cit., pp. 166–67; Whitman, op. cit., pp. 198–99; and P. G. Galuzo, Turkestan-Koloniya: Trudy Nauchno-IssledovateVskoy Assotsiatsii pri Kommunisticheskoy Universitete Trudyashchikhsya Vostoka Imeni J. V. Stalina (The Colony of Turkestan: Transactions of the Scientific Research Association attached to the Communist University of Toilers of the East named after J. V. Stalin) (Moscow, 1929 ) Reprinted by the Society for Central Asian Studies (Oxford, 1986), pp. 32–33 and 40.
  • Prince V. I. Masal'skiy, Khlopkovoye Delo v Sredney Azii (The Cotton Business in Central Asia) (1892 ), pp. 19–20.
  • P. G. Galuzo, op. cit., p. 32.
  • M. P. Vyatkin, Monopolisticheskiy Kapital V Sredney Azii (Monopoly Capital in Central Asia) (Frunze, 1962 ), p. 24.
  • Galuzo, op. cit., p. 119.
  • D. Mackenzie Wallace, The Times Book of Russia (London, 1916 ), p. 13.
  • Z. S. Katsenelenbaum, Kommercheskiye Banki i ikh Torgovo-Kommissionyye Operatsii (Commercial Banks and their trading and commission operations) (Moscow, 1912 ), p. 83.
  • For the Bukhara Jews see S. Thompstone, ‘Central Asia’s Jewish Minority’, Journal of Renaissance and Modem Studies, September, 1995 (forthcoming).
  • For the Muslim population there was a religious proscription on charging interest on loans, though debtors were permitted to make a donation to their creditors.
  • Prince V. I. Masal'skiy, Turkestanskiy Kray, 19 of PoVnoye Geograficheskoye Opisaniye Nashego Otechestva (St Petersburg, 1913 ), pp. 411 and 701.
  • A. M. Yuldashev, Agramyye Otnosheniya v Turkestane (Konets XIX—Nachalo XX vv). (Agrarian relations in Turkestan at the turn of the century) (Tashkent, 1969 ), p. 112.
  • Linguistic and cultural barriers tended to exclude Russian and West European traders from this branch of the cotton trade.
  • A. A. Aminov, Ekonomisheskoye Razvitiye Sredney Azii (The Economic Development of Central Asia) (Tashkent, 1959 ), p. 71.
  • Yuldashev, op. cit., p. 117.
  • Yuldashev, op. cit., p. 217; Istoriya Tashkenta (The History of Tashkent) (Tashkent, 1988 ), p. 185.
  • Yuldashev, op. cit., pp. 113, 219 and 226; and Turkestanskie Vedomosti, 24/1/1916.
  • Turkestanskiye Vedomosti 5 Feb 1914.
  • SotsiaVno-Ekonomicheskoye Polozheniye Uzbekistana Nakanune Oktyabrya (The Social and Economic Position of Uzbekistan on the Eve of the October Revolution) (Tashkent, 1973 ), p. 46.
  • Veksel'man, op. cit., pp. 42–43.
  • Turkestankiye Vedomosti, 12 Mar 1914.
  • Turkestanskiye Vedomosti, 8 Jan 1917.
  • Turkestanskiye Vedomosti, 24 Apr 1914.
  • Turkestanskiye Vedomosti, 31 Dec 1915.
  • Ch.M. Ioksimovich, Manufaktumaya Promyshlennosf Nakanune Mirovoy Voyny (The Textile Industry on the Eve of the Great War) (Moscow, 1915 ), pp. 140–50; Turkestanskiye Vedomosti, 24/11/1904; Yuldashev, op. cit., p. 111; and Veksel'man, op. cit., p. 33.
  • Wm Brandt’s Sons & Co. Circulars, University of Nottingham, 1897 –98, pp. 44, 68 and 226; 1901–02, pp. 26, 125 and 229; 1905–06, pp. 256, 538 and 579; and 1907–08, pp. 397, 507 and 605; A. Kleinwort & Co. Papers, Guildhall Library, London, Customer Reference Books, 444, p. 83, 445, p. 114 and 457, pp. 149–150; M. P. Vyatkin, Monopolisticheskiy Kapital v Sredney Azii (Monopoly capital in Central Asia) (Frunze, Kirgiz SSR Academy of Sciences, Frunze, 1967), p. 45; and Yuldashev, op. cit., pp. 108–09.
  • Baring Bros, Company Archives, Bishopsgate, London Credit Registers, 2, p. 219; and Veksel'man, op. cit., pp. 33–34.
  • S. Thompstone, ‘Ludwig Knoop: “The Arkwright of Russia”’, Textile History, xv (1984).
  • Veksel'man, op. cit., p. 35.
  • Turkestanskiye Vedomosti, 27 Mar 1910; and Veksel'man, op. cit., pp. 78–79.
  • S. Thompstone, The Organisation and Financing of Russian Foreign Trade before 1914 (Unpub PhD., London, 1991), pp. 410–419.
  • Vyatkin, op. cit., pp. 51–52.
  • Thompstone, op. cit., Veksel'man, op. cit., pp. 35–36; and V. Ya. Laverychev, Monopolisticheskiy Kapital v TektiVnoy Promyshlennosti Rossii, 1900–1918 (Monopoly Capital in the Russian textile industry) (Moscow, 1953), p. 129.
  • Crisp, op. cit., p. 143.
  • 48. SotsiaVno-Ekonomicheskoye Polozheniye Uzbekistana Nakanune Oktyabrya (Uzbekistan’s social and economic position on the eve of the October Revolution) (Tashkent, 1973), p. 49.
  • Yuldashev, op. cit., p. 246.
  • Turkestanskiye Vedomosti, 8 Feb 1913.
  • I. F. Gindin, ‘Moskovskiye banki v period imperializma’, (Moscow banks in the imperialist era), Istoricheskiye Zapiski (Historical Notes), 1956 (58), pp. 49–51; Ioksimovich, op. cit., pp. 140–50; Turkestanskiye Vedomosti, 24/11/1904; Yuldashev, op. cit., p. hi; and Veksel'man, op. cit., p. 33.
  • Turkestanskiye Vedomosti, 8 Feb 1913.
  • Turkestanskiy e Vedomosti, 12 Jan 1888 and 29 May 1912.
  • Turkestanskiye Vedomosti, 8 Feb 1913.
  • The Russian government ensured that Central Asian cotton did not go for export. When the German firm Bischoff sought permission to export Central Asian cotton to Germany in 1903, the authorities declined on the grounds that the supply was insufficient for Russia’s own needs. Galuzo, op. cit., p. no.
  • Galuzo, op. cit., p. 119.
  • Crisp, op. cit., pp. 142–43.
  • Veksel'man, op. cit., pp. 40–42.
  • Veksel'man, op. cit., pp. 65–66.
  • Veksel'man, op. cit., pp. 42–44.
  • Turkestanskiye Vedomosti, 8 July 1914.
  • Veksel'man, op. cit., pp. 64–67. K. M. Solov'yev & Co. was set up as a joint stock company in
  • and took over the oilpressing, soapboiling and cotton cleaning interests developed since 1900
  • by K. M. Solov’yev. In addition to the Solov'yevs other shareholders were the Morozovs, the Volg Kama Bank and the Moscow cotton trading firm, Ponfick Ahrens, whose managing director, John Ahrens, had links with the Volga Kama Bank as well as with the Russian Bank for Foreign Trade. Baring Bros, Bishopsgate, London Credit Registers 2, p. 115, 1908.
  • Veksel'man, op. cit., pp. 46–49.
  • Veksel'man, op. cit., p. 54.
  • Veksel'man, op. cit., p. 55.
  • Vyatkin, op. cit., p. 45.
  • Veksel'man, op. cit., p. 54.
  • Yuldashev, op. cit., p. 216.
  • I. Iskanderov, Tektil’naya Promyshlennosf Uzbekistana (Uzbekistan’s textile industry) (Tashkent, 1974 ), pp. 22 and 38.
  • J. A. Ruckman, The Moscow Business Elite (DeKalb, 1984 ), p. 22.
  • Ioksimovich, op. cit., pp. 53–64.
  • Veksel'man, op. cit., pp. 64–67. K. M. Solov'yev & Co. was set up as a joint stock company in 1909 and took over the oilpressing, soapboiling and cotton cleaning interests developed since 1900 by K. M. Solov'yev. In addition to the Solovyevs other shareholders were the Morozovs, the Volg Kama Bank and the Moscow cotton trading firm, Ponfick Ahrens, whose managing director, John Ahrens, had links with the Volga Kama Bank. Baring Bros., Bishopsgate, London Credit Registers 2, p. 115, 1908.
  • Ioksimovish, op. cit., pp. 168–71.
  • S. Thompstone, ‘British Merchant Houses in Russia before 1914’, in L. Edmonson and P. Waldron (eds), Economy and Society in Russia and the Soviet Unioni1860–1930 (London, 1992), pp. 107–130; Veksel'man, op. cit., p. 125.
  • J. B. K. Hunter, A History of J & P Coats: A Study in Economic Development and Organisation (Unpublished Company History, Glasgow, n.d.), pp. 116–17; P. A. Zaonchkovsky (ed), Dnevnik Gosudarstvennogo SekretaryaA. A. Polovtsova (The diary of State Secretary A. A. Polovtsov), 2, p. 266,
  • Mar 1890; and Russkaya Mysl\ (Russian Reflections) Oct, 1903.
  • Quoted in I. Katsenelenbogen, ‘Istoriya Nevskoy Nitochnoy Manufaktury’, Krasnaya Letopis\ 1–2 (1932 ), p. 206.
  • Veksel'man, op. cit., p. 129.
  • Veksel'man, op. cit., p. 125.
  • Turkestanskiye Vedomosti, 11 Apr 1912.
  • Turkestanskiye Vedomosti, 22 May 1913, 8 Aug 1913 and 1 Sept 1913.
  • Turkestanskiye Vedomosti, 29 Jan 1917.
  • Crisp, op. cit., p. 188.

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