Identifying stone tools used in mining, smelting, and casting in Middle Bronze Age Cyprus

References

• Adams JL. 1988. “Use-wear Analysis of Handstones Used to Grind Corn and Process Hides,” Journal of Field Archaeology 15: 307–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams JL. 1989. “Methods for Improving Ground Stone Artefacts Analysis: Experiments in Mano Wear Patterns,” in Amick D S and Mauldin R, eds., Experiments in Lithic Technology. BAR International Series 528. Oxford: B.A.R., 259–276.
   Google Scholar
• Adams JL. 1999. “Refocusing the Role of Food-Grinding Tools as Correlates for Subsistence Strategies in the U.S. Southwest,” American Antiquity 64: 475–498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams JL. 2002. Ground Stone Analysis. A Technological Approach. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bassiakos Y, and Philaniotou O. 2007. “Early Copper Production on Kythnos: Archaeological Evidence and Analytical Approaches to the Reconstruction of Metallurgical Process,” in Day P M and Doonan R C P, eds., Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 7. Oxford: Oxbow, 19–56.
   Google Scholar
• Barlow JA. 1994. “Notes on Decoration of Red Polished Ware,” Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus: 45–50.
   Google Scholar
• Belgiorno MR. 1998. “Pyrgos: A Metallurgical Site of the Early–Middle Bronze Age on the South Coast of Cyprus,” in Scarfa P N, ed., The Italian Archaeological and Archaeometric Activities in Cyprus. Nicosia Archaeological Museum September 2–8 1998. Rome: Gangemi, 9–30.
   Google Scholar
• Belgiorno MR. 2000. “Project ‘Pyrame’ 1998–1999: Archaeological, Metallurgical and Historical Evidence at Pyrgos (Limassol),” Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus: 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Belgiorno MR. 2004. “Pyrgos-Mavroraki: Advanced Technology in Bronze Age Cyprus,” in Belgiorno M R, ed., CNR-ITABC Archaeological Mission at Pyrgos. Nicosia Archaeological Museum, June 30–July 30, 2004. Nicosia: Theopress Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Belgiorno MR. 2009. “Progetto Pyrame: Pyrgos Recherché Archeologiche e Archeometallurgiche, lo Stato Dell’arte a Dicembre 2008,” in Belgiorno M R, ed., Cipro all’ inizio dell’ Età del Bronzo. Rome: Gangemi, 14–105.
   Google Scholar
• Belgiorno MR, Ferro D, and Loepp DR. 2012. “Pyrgos-Mavrorachi in Cypriot Metallurgy,” in Kassianidou V and Papasavvas G, eds., Eastern Mediterranean Metallurgy and Metalwork in the Second Millennium BC. A Conference in Honour of James D. Muhly. Nicosia, October 2009 10th–11th. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow, 26–34.
   Google Scholar
• Betancourt PP. 2007. “The Final Neolithic to Early Minoan III Metallurgy Site at Chrysokamino, Crete,” in Day P M and Doonan R C P, eds., Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 7. Oxford: Oxbow, 57–67.
   Google Scholar
• Boshier AK. 1965. “Effects of Pounding by Africans of North-West Transvaal on Hard and Soft Stones,” South African Archaeological Bulletin 20(79): 131–136.
   Google Scholar
• Carter T. 2008. “Beyond the Mohs Scale: Raw Material Choice and the Production of Stone Vases in a Late Minoan Context,” in Rowan Y and Ebeling J R, eds., New Approaches to Old Stones: Recent Studies of Ground Stone Artifacts. London and Oakville: Equinox, 66–81.
   Google Scholar
• Connolly A. 1992. “Classification of Ore Dressing Stone Tools from Almyras,” in Fasnacht W, Zubler K, Morris R S, Gerbothé D, Kassianidou V, Connolly A, and Rehren T, “Excavations at Ayia Varvara Almyras. Fourth Preliminary Report,” Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus: 71–73.
   Google Scholar
• Constantinou G. 1982. “Geological Features and Ancient Exploitation of the Cupriferous Sulphide Orebodies of Cyprus,” in Muhly J D, Maddin R, and Karageorghis V, eds., Early Metallurgy in Cyprus, 4000–500 B.C. Nicosia: Pierides Foundation, 13–24.
   Google Scholar
• Constantinou G, and Panayides I. 2013. “The Mining Geology of Cyprus with Special Reference to Ambelikou Aletri,” in Webb J M and Frankel D, Ambelikou Aletri. Metallurgy and Pottery Production in Middle Bronze Age Cyprus. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 138. Uppsala: Åström’s Förlag, 11–23.
   Google Scholar
• Craddock PT. 1995. Early Metal Mining and Production. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Craddock PT. 2000. “From Hearth to Furnace: Evidence for the Earliest Metal Smelting Technologies in the Eastern Mediterranean,” in A. Hauptmann, ed., “Early Pyrotechnology. The Evolution of the First Fire-Using Industries,” Paléorient 26(2): 151–165.
   Google Scholar
• de Beaune S. 2000. Pour une archéologie du geste. Broyer, moudre, piler, des premiers chasseurs aux premiers agriculteurs. Paris: CNRS.
   Google Scholar
• Davies O. 1928. “The Copper Mines of Cyprus,” Annual of the British School at Athens 30: 74–85.
   Google Scholar
• Dikaios P. 1945. “Archaeology in Cyprus, 1939–45,” Journal of Hellenic Studies 65: 104–105.
   Google Scholar
• Dikaios P. 1946. “A New Chapter in the Long Island History of Cyprus: Wartime Discoveries of the Earliest Copper Age,” Illustrated London News 208(5576): 244–245.
   Google Scholar
• Dikaios P. 1962. “The Stone Age,” in Dikaios P and Stewart J R B, The Swedish Cyprus Expedition Volume IV. Part IA. The Stone Age and the Early Bronze Age in Cyprus. Lund: Swedish Cyprus Expedition, 1–204.
   Google Scholar
• Dikaios P. 1969–1971. Enkomi. Excavations 1948–1958, Volumes I–III. Mainz am Rhein: Philip von Zabern.
   Google Scholar
• Dodd WA. 1979. “The Wear and Use of Battered Tools at Armijo Rockshelter,” in Hayden B, ed., Lithic Use-Wear Analysis. New York: Academic Press, 231–242.
   Google Scholar
• Dolfini A. 2013. “The Emergence of Metallurgy in the Central Mediterranean Region: A New Model,” European Journal of Archaeology 16: 21–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doumas C. 2011. “Searching for the Early Bronze Age Aegean Metallurgist’s Toolkit,” in Betancourt P P and Ferrence S, eds., Metallurgy: Understanding How, Learning Why. Studies in Honor of James D. Muhly. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press, 165–179.
   Google Scholar
• Eccleston M, and Ottaway BS. 2002. “Experimental Casting of Copper and Bronze in Sand Moulds,” in Jerem E and Biro K T, eds., Archaeometry 1998. BAR International Series 1043. Oxford: B.A.R., 185–189.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott-Xenophontos C. 1998. “The Ground Stone Industry,” in Peltenburg E, ed., Lemba Archaeological Project Volume II.1A. Excavations at Kissonerga-Mosphilia 1979–1992. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 70(2) Jonsered: Paul Åström’s Förlag, 168–187.
   Google Scholar
• Fasnacht W. 2002. “Dynamique de la Production du Cuivre au Temps des Royaumes de Chypre,” Centre d’Études Chypriotes Cahier 32: 209–218.
   Google Scholar
• Fasnacht W, Morris RS, Zubler K, and Schenk M. 1989. “Excavations at Ayia Varvara-Almyras,” Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus: 59–76.
   Google Scholar
• Frankel D, and Webb JM. 1996. Marki Alonia. An Early and Middle Bronze Age Town in Cyprus. Excavations 1990–1994. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 123·1. Jonsered: Paul Åström’s Förlag.
   Google Scholar
• Frankel D, and Webb JM. 2006. Marki Alonia. An Early and Middle Bronze Age Settlement in Cyprus. Excavations 1995–2000. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 123·2. Sävedalen: Paul Åström’s Förlag.
   Google Scholar
• Frankel D, and Webb JM. 2007. The Bronze Age Cemeteries at Deneia in Cyprus. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 135. Sävedalen: Paul Åström’s Förlag.
   Google Scholar
• Giardino C. 1987. “Sfruttamento Minerario e Metallurgia nella Sardegna Protohistorica,” in Balmuth S M, ed., Studies in Sardinian Archaeology III. Nuragic Sardinia and the Mediterranean World. BAR International Series 387. Oxford: B.A.R., 189–219.
   Google Scholar
• Godoy R. 1985. “Mining: Anthropological Perspectives,” Annual Review of Anthropology 14: 199–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horsfall G. 1987. “A Design Theory Perspective on Variability in Grinding Stones,” in Hayden B, ed., Lithic Studies Among the Contemporary Highland Maya. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 332–377.
   Google Scholar
• Kassianidou V. 2007. “Ground Stone Tools from Apliki Karamallos,” in Kling B and Muhly J D, Joan du Plat Taylor’s Excavations at the Late Bronze Age Mining Settlement at Apliki Karamallos, Cyprus. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 134(1). Sävedalen: Paul Åström’s Förlag, 277–306.
   Google Scholar
• Kassianidou V. 2011. “The Production of Copper in Cyprus During the Roman Period,” in Demetriou A, ed., ) 2008. Nicosia: Society of Cypriot Studies, 539–548.
   Google Scholar
• Kingsnorth A. 2003. “The Knapped Stone,” in Swiny S, (R.) Rapp G, and Herscher E, eds., Sotira Kaminoudhia: An Early Bronze Age Site in Cyprus. American Schools of Oriental Research Archaeological Reports No. 8, Cyprus American Archaeological Research Institute Monograph Series Vol. 4. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 289–368.
   Google Scholar
• Knapp AB. 2003. “The Archaeology of Community on Bronze Age Cyprus: Politiko Phorades in Context,” American Journal of Archaeology 107: 559–580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapp AB, and Kassianidou V. 2008. “The Archaeology of Late Bronze Age Copper Production. Politiko Phorades on Cyprus,” in Yalçin Ü, ed., Anatolian Metal IV, Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 21. Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, 135–147.
   Google Scholar
• Knapp A B, Pigott V C, and Herbert E W, eds. 1998. Social Approaches to an Industrial Past: The Archaeology and Anthropology of Mining. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kuijpers MHG. 2008. Bronze Age Metalworking in the Netherlands (c. 2000–800 BC): A Research into the Preservation of Metallurgy Related Artefacts and the Social Position of the Smith. Leiden: Sidestone Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leung F. 1981. Grist and Flour Mills in Ontario: From Millstones to Rollers, 1780–1880s, History and Archaeology 53. Ottawa. National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Environment Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Levy TE, Ben-Yosef E, and Najjar M 2012. “New Perspectives on Iron Age Copper Production and Society in the Faynan Region, Jordan,” in Kassianidou V and Papasavvas G, Eastern Mediterranean Metallurgy and Metalwork in the Second Millennium BC. A Conference in Honour of James D. Muhly. Nicosia, October 10th–11th 2009. Oxford: Oxbow, 197–214.
   Google Scholar
• Markova K. 2002. “Zur Metallurgie der Siedlung in Malé Kosihy,” Anodos 2: 205–212.
   Google Scholar
• McCartney C. 2013. “Lithic Artefacts,” in Peltenburg E, ed., Associated Regional Chronologies for the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean. Volume II. Cyprus. Turnhout: Brepols, 299–312.
   Google Scholar
• Merrillees RS. 1984. “Ambelikou-Aletri: A Preliminary Report,” Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus: 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Mogelonsky MK. 1996. “Ground stone,” in Coleman J E, Barlow J A, Mogelonsky M K, and Schaar K W, Alambra. A Middle Bronze Age Settlement in Cyprus. Archaeological Investigations by Cornell University 1974–1985. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 118. Jonsered: Paul Åström’s Förlag, 143–177.
   Google Scholar
• Ordentlich I, and Rothenberg B. 1980. “Die Funde aus den Freigelegten Bergbaurelikten,” in Conrad H G, Rothenberg B, and Kroker W, eds., Antikes Kupfer im Timna-Tal. 4000 Jahre Bergbau und Verhüttung in der Arabah (Israel). Bochum: Vereinigung der Freunde von Kunst und Kultur im Bergbau, 169–180.
   Google Scholar
• Ottaway BS. 2003. “Experimental Archaeometallurgy,” in Stöllner T, Körlin G, Steffens G, and Cierny J, eds., Man and Minin–Mensch und Bergbau: Studies in Honour of Gerd Weisgerber on Occasion of his 65th Birthday. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 16. Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, 341–348.
   Google Scholar
• Ottaway B, and Seibel S. 1998. “Dust in the Wind: Experimental Casting of Bronze in Sand Moulds,” in Frère-Sautot M - C, ed., Paléométallurgie des cuivres: Actes du colloque de Bourg-en-Bresse et Beaune, 17–18 oct. 1997. Monographies Intrumentum 5. Montagnac: Monique Mergoil, 59–63.
   Google Scholar
• Papadopoulou ZD. 2011. “Akrotiraki and Skali: New Evidence for EBA Lead/Silver and Copper Production from Southern Siphnos,” in Betancourt P P and Ferrence S, eds., Metallurgy: Understanding How, Learning Why. Studies in Honor of James D. Muhly. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press, 149–156.
   Google Scholar
• Philaniotou O, Bassiakos Y, and Georgakopoulou M. 2011. “Early Bronze Age Copper Smelting on Seriphos (Cyclades, Greece),” in Betancourt P P and Ferrence S, eds., Metallurgy: Understanding How, Learning Why. Studies in Honor of James D. Muhly. Philadelphia: INSTAP Academic Press, 157–164.
   Google Scholar
• Rassmann PM. 2008. “Stones on Stones: Assessing the Use of Handstones as Tools to Process Stone Artifacts at PPNB Ba’ja in Southern Jordan,” in Rowan Y and Ebeling J R, eds., New Approaches to Old Stones: Recent Studies of Ground Stone Artifacts. London: Equinox, 82–98.
   Google Scholar
• Ribaux P. 1986. Cortaillod-Est, un village du Bronze final. Volume 3. L’homme et la pierre. Saint-Blaise: Musée cantonal d’archéologie de Neuchâtel.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts BW. 2009. “Production Networks and Consumer Choice in the Earliest Metal of Western Europe,” Journal of World Prehistory 22: 461–481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothenberg B, and Blanco-Freijeiro A. 1981. Studies in Ancient Mining and Metallurgy in South-West Spain. Explorations and Excavations in the Province of Huelva. London: Institute for Archaeo-Metallurgical Studies, Institute of Archaeology, University of London.
   Google Scholar
• Rowan YM, and Ebeling JR. 2008. “Introduction: The Potential of Ground Stone Studies,” in Rowan Y M and Ebeling J R, eds., New Approaches to Old Stones. Recent Studies of Ground Stone Artifacts. London and Oakville: Equinox, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Schenk M. 1989. “Geological and Mineralogical Investigations at Ayia Varvara-Almyras,” in Fasnacht, R W, Morris S, Zubler K, and Schenk M, “Excavations at Ayia Varvara-Almyras,” Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus: 73–76.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw JW. 2006. “Metals and Metalworking,” in Shaw J W and Shaw M C, eds., Kommos V: The Monumental Minoan Buildings at Kommos. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 717–729.
   Google Scholar
• Stöllner T. 2003. “Mining and Economy–A Discussion of Spatial Organisations and Structures of Early Raw Material Exploitation,” in Stöllner T, Körlin G, Steffens G, and Cierny J, eds., Man and Mining–Mensch und Bergbau: Studies in Honour of Gerd Weisgerber on Occasion of his 65th Birthday. Der Anschnitt, Beiheft 16. Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, 415–446.
   Google Scholar
• Stos-Gale ZA, and Gale N. 1994. “Metals,” in Knapp A B and Cherry J F, eds., Provenience Studies and Bronze Age Cyprus. Production, Exchange and Politico-Economic Change. Monographs in World Prehistory 21. Madison: Prehistory Press, 92–121.
   Google Scholar
• Storck J, and Teague WD. 1952. A History of Milling. Flour for Man’s Bread. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Swiny S. 1986. The Kent State University Expedition to Episkopi Phaneromeni. Part 2. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 74(2). Nicosia: Paul Åström’s Förlag.
   Google Scholar
• Swiny S. 2003. “The Ground Stone,” in Swiny S, (R.) Rapp G, and Herscher E, eds., Sotira Kaminoudhia: An Early Bronze Age Site in Cyprus.” American Schools of Oriental Research Archaeological Reports No. 8. Cyprus American Archaeological Research Institute Monograph Series Vol. 4. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 221–288.
   Google Scholar
• Takaoğlu T. 2006. “Ground Stone Grooved Hammers from Coşkuntepe,” in Avunç B, ed., Hayat Erkanal’a Armağan: Kültürlerin Yansıması. Studies in Honor of Hayat Erkanal: Cultural Reflections. Istanbul: Homer Kitabevi, 705–708.
   Google Scholar
• Valado MT. 2008. “Identifying Lightly Used Polishing Stones: Experiments and Implications,” in Rowan Y and Ebeling J R, eds., New Approaches to Old Stones: Recent Studies of Ground Stone Artifacts. London and Oakville: Equinox, 173–181.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner GA, and Ö. Öztunalι. 2000. “Prehistoric Copper Sources in Turkey,” in Yalçin Ü, ed., Anatolian Metal I. Bochum: Deutsches Bergbau-Museum, 31–67.
   Google Scholar
• Webb JM. 1998. “Lithic Technology and Discard at Marki, Cyprus: Consumer Behaviour and Site Formation in the Prehistoric Bronze Age,” Antiquity 72: 796–805.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb JM. 2000. “Curation, Expediency and Discard. The Ground Stone Industry at Marki Alonia,” in Ioannides G K and Hadjistellis S, eds., Praktika tou Tritou Diethnous Kyprologikou Synedriou (Lefkosia, 16–20 Apriliou 1996). Nicosia: Society of Cypriot Studies, 261–279.
   Google Scholar
• Webb JM. 2006. “Material Culture and the Value of Context: A Case Study from Marki, Cyprus,” in Papaconstantinou D, ed., Deconstructing Context: A Critical Approach to Archaeological Practice. Oxford: Oxbow, 98–119.
   Google Scholar
• Webb JM, and Frankel D. 2013. Ambelikou Aletri. Metallurgy and Pottery Production in Middle Bronze Age Cyprus. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 138. Uppsala: Paul Åström’s Förlag.
   Google Scholar
• Weisgerber G. 1982. “Towards a History of Copper Mining in Cyprus and the Near East: Possibilities of Mining Archaeology,” in Muhly J D, Maddin R, and Karageorghis V, eds., Early Metallurgy in Cyprus, 4000–500 B.C. Nicosia: Pierides Foundation, 25–32.
   Google Scholar
• Weisgerber G, and Hauptmann A. 1988. “Early Copper Mining and Smelting in Palestine,” in Maddin R, ed., The Beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys. Cambridge: MIT Press, 52–62.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson RAM. 1959. “General geology,” in Wilson R A M and Ingham F T, The Geology of the Xeros-Troodos Area with an Account of the Mineral Resources. Geological Survey Department Cyprus Memoir 1. Nicosia: Geological Survey Department, 11–136.
   Google Scholar
• Woodbury R. 1954. Prehistoric Stone Implements of Northeastern Arizona. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography. Harvard.
   Google Scholar
• Wright KI. 1992. “A Classification System for Ground Stone Tools from the Prehistoric Levant,” Paléorient 18: 53–81.
   Google Scholar
• Wright KI. 2008. “Craft Production and the Organization of Ground Stone Technologies,” in Rowan Y and Ebeling J R, eds., New Approaches to Old Stones: Recent Studies of Ground Stone Artifacts. London: Equinox, 30–143.
   Google Scholar