REFERENCES
- Dickson DW. The pathogenesis of senile plaques. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1997; 56: 321–339
- Hardy J. Amyloid, the presenil ins and Alzheimer's disease. Trends Neurosci 1997; 20: 154–159
- Suzuki N, Cheung T, Cai X, et al. An increased percentage of long amyloid beta protein secreted by familial amyloid beta protein precursor (beta APP717) mutants. Science 1994; 264: 1336–1340
- Andin U, Gustafson L, Passant U, et al. A clinico-pathological study of heart and brain lesions in vascular dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2005; 19: 222–228
- Luchsinger JA, Reitz C, Honig LS, et al. Aggregation of vascular risk factors and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2005; 65: 545–551
- Langa KM, Foster NL, Larson EB. Mixed dementia: Emerging concepts and therapeutic implications. JAMA 2004; 292: 2901–2908
- Newman AB, Fitzpatrick AL, Lopez 0, et al. Dementia and Alzheimer's disease incidence in relationship to cardiovascular disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study cohort. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53: 1101–1107
- Kang JH, Logroscino G, De Vivo I, et al. Apolipoprotein E, cardiovascular disease and cognitive function in aging women. Neurobiol Aging 2005; 26: 475–484
- van Aalst-Cohen ES, Jansen AC, de Jongh S, et al. Clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of familial hypercholesterole-mia. Semin Vasc Med 2004; 4: 31–41
- Yaffe K, Barrett-Connor E, Lin F, et al. Serum lipoprotein levels, statin use, and cognitive function in older women. Arch Neurol 2002; 59: 378–384
- Pappolla MA, Bryant-Thomas TK, Herbert D, et al. Mild hypercholesterolemia is an early risk factor for the development of Alzheimer amyloid pathology. Neurology 2003; 61: 199–205
- Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, et al. Midlife vascular risk factors and Alzheimer's disease in later life: Longitudinal, population based study. BMJ 2001; 322: 1447–1451
- Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137: 149–155
- Breteler MM. Early life circumstances and late life Alzheimer's disease. Epidemiology 2001; 12: 378–379
- Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Fratiglioni L, et al. Obesity and vascular risk factors at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 1556-1560
- Notkola IL, Sulkava R, Pekkanen J, et al. Serum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele, and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroepidemiology 1998; 17: 14–20
- Knopman D, Boland LL, Mosley T, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and cognitive decline in middle-aged adults. Neurology 2001; 56: 42-48
- Ott A, Stolk RP, Hofman A, et al. Association of diabetes mellitus and dementia: The Rotterdam Study. Diabetologia 1996; 39: 1392–1397
- Ott A, Stolk RP, van Harskamp F, et al. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia: The Rotterdam Study. Neurology 1999; 53: 1937–1942
- Kulik G, Klippel A, Weber MJ. Antiapoptotic signalling by the insulin-like growth factor I receptor, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and Akt. Mol Cell Biol 1997; 17: 1595–1606
- Cross DA, Alessi DR, Cohen P, et al. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 by insulin mediated by protein kinase B. Nature 1995; 378: 785–789
- Qiu WQ, Folstein MF. Insulin, insulin-degrading enzyme and amyloid-beta peptide in Alzheimer's disease: Review and hypoth-esis. Neurobiol Aging 2006; 27: 190–198
- Zhao L, Teter B, Morihara T, et al. Insulin-degrading enzyme as a downstream target of insulin receptor signaling cascade: Implications for Alzheimer's disease intervention. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 11120–11126
- Farris W, Mansourian S, Chang Y, et al. Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates the levels of insulin, amyloid beta-protein, and the beta-amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2003; 100: 4162–4167
- Yaffe K, Kanaya A, Lindquist K, et al. The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. JAMA 2004; 292: 2237–2242
- Encinas M, De Juan R, Marcos A, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow assessed with 99mTc-ECD SPET as a marker of progression of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003; 30: 1473–1480
- Bartenstein P, Minoshima S, Hirsch C, et al. Quantitative assessment of cerebral blood flow in patients with Alzheimer's disease by SPECT. J Nucl Med 1997; 38: 1095–1101
- Ruitenberg A, den Heijer T, Bakker SL, et al. Cerebral hypoperfu-sion and clinical onset of dementia: The Rotterdam Study. Ann Neurol 2005; 57: 789–794
- Newman MF, Kirchner JL, Phillips-Bute B, et al. Longitudinal assessment of neurocognitive function after coronary-artery bypass surgery. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 395–402
- Selnes OA, Royall RM, Grega MA, et al. Cognitive changes 5 years after coronary artery bypass grafting: Is there evidence of late decline? Arch Neurol 2001; 58: 598–604
- Lee TA, Wolozin B, Weiss KB, et al. Assessment of the emergence of Alzheimer's disease following coronary artery bypass graft surgery or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. J Alzheimers Dis 2005; 7: 319–324
- Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, et al. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families. Science 1993; 261: 921–923
- Khachaturian AS, Corcoran CD, Mayer LS, et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 count affects age at onset of Alzheimer disease, but not lifetime susceptibility: The Cache County Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61: 518–524
- Poirier J, Davignon J, Bouthillier D, et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1993; 342: 697–699
- Nathan B, Bellosta S, Sanan DA, et al. Differential effects of apolipoprotein E3 and E4 on neuronal growth in vitro. Science 1994; 264: 850–852
- Strittmatter WJ, Saunders A, Schmechel DM, et al. Apolipoprotein E: High-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 1977–1981
- Strittmatter WJ, Weisgraber KH, Huang DV, et al. Binding of human apolipoprotein E to synthetic amyloid beta peptide: Isoform-specific effects and implications for late-onset Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 8098–8102
- Prince M, Lovestone S, Cervilla J, et al. The association between APOE and dementia does not seem to be mediated by vascular factors. Neurology 2000; 54: 397–402
- Jordan J, Galindo MF, Miller RJ, et al. Isoform-specific effect of apolipoprotein E on cell survival and beta-amyloid-induced toxicity in rat hippocampal pyramidal neuronal cultures. J Neurosci 1998; 18: 195–204
- Smith C, Graham DI, Murray LS, et al. Association of APOE e4 and cerebrovascular pathology in traumatic brain injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77: 363–366
- Diaz-Arrastia R, Gong Y, Fair S, et al. Increased risk of late posttraumatic seizures associated with inheritance of APOE epsilon4 allele. Arch Neurol 2003; 60: 818–822
- Li YJ, Hauser MA, Scott WK, et al. Apolipoprotein E controls the risk and age at onset of Parkinson disease. Neurology 2004; 62: 2005–2009
- Saft C, Andrich JE, Brune N, et al. Apolipoprotein E genotypes do not influence the age of onset in Huntington's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 1692-1696
- Seshadri S, Beiser A, Kelly-Hayes M, et al. The lifetime risk of stroke: Estimates from the Framingham Study. Stroke 2006; 37: 345–350
- Leys D, Henon H, Mackowiak-Cordoliani MA, et al. Poststroke dementia. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4: 752–759
- Larson EB, Wang L, Bowen JD, et al. Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 73–81
- Rovio S, Kareholt I, Helkala EL, et al. Leisure-time physical activity at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2005; 4: 705–711
- Wolozin B, Kellman W, Ruosseau P, et al. Decreased prevalence of Alzheimer disease associated with 3-hydroxy-3- methyglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Arch Neurol 2000; 57: 1439–1443
- Jick H, Zornberg GL, Jick SS, et al. Statins and the risk of dementia. Lancet 2000; 356: 1627–1631
- Rockwood K, Kirkland S, Hogan DB, et al. Use of lipid-lowering agents, indication bias, and the risk of dementia in community-dwelling elderly people. Arch Neurol 2002; 59: 223–227
- Vega GL, Weiner MF, Lipton AM, et al. Reduction in levels of 24S-hydroxycholesterol by statin treatment in patients with Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2003; 60: 510–515
- Friedhoff LT, Cullen El, Geoghagen NS, et al. Treatment with controlled-release lovastatin decreases serum concentrations of human beta-amyloid (A beta) peptide. Int J Neuropsycho-pharmacol 2001; 4: 127–130
- Simons M, Schwarzler F, Lutjohann D, et al. Treatment with simvastatin in normocholesterolemic patients with Alzheimer's disease: A 26-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Ann Neurol 2002; 52: 346–350
- Sparks DL, Sabbagh MN, Connor DJ, et al. Atorvastatin for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: Preliminary results. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 753–757
- Sjogren M, Gustafsson K, Syversen S, et al. Treatment with simvastatin in patients with Alzheimer's disease lowers both alpha-and beta-cleaved amyloid precursor protein. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2003; 16: 25–30
- Hoglund K, Wiklund 0, Vanderstichele H, et al. Plasma levels of beta-amyloid(1-40), beta-amyloid(1-42), and total beta-amyloid remain unaffected in adult patients with hypercholesterolemia after treatment with statins. Arch Neurol 2004; 61: 333–337
- Zandi P, Sparks DL, Khachaturian AS, et al. Do Statins Reduce Risk of Incident Dementia and AD? The Cache County Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 217–224
- Li G, Higdon R, Kukull WA, et al. Statin therapy and risk of dementia in the elderly: A community-based prospective cohort study. Neurology 2004; 63: 1624–1628
- Rea TD, Breitner JC, Psaty BM, et al. Statin use and the risk of incident dementia: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch Neurol 2005; 62: 1047–1051
- Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 1623–1630
- Heart Protection Study CollaborativeGroup. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 7–22
- Marz W, Koenig W. HMG-CoA reductase inhibition: Anti-inflammatory effects beyond lipid lowering? J Cardiovasc Risk 2003; 10: 169–179
- Wolozin B, Mange J, Bryant R, et al. Cholesterol, Alzheimer's disease and Statins: Re-assessing the relationship between cholesterol, statins and Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Scandana via 2006; in press
- in't Veld BA, Ruitenberg A, Hofman A, et al. Antihypertensive drugs and incidence of dementia: The Rotterdam Study. Neurobiol Aging 2001; 22: 407–412
- Skoog I, Lithell H, Hansson L, et al. Effect of baseline cognitive function and antihypertensive treatment on cognitive and cardio-vascular outcomes: Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE). Am J Hypertens 2005; 18: 1052–1059
- Forette F, Seux ML, Staessen JA, et al. The prevention of dementia with antihypertensive treatment: New evidence from the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) study. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 2046–2052
- Klunk WE, Engler H, Nordberg A, et al. Imaging brain amyloid in Alzheimer's disease with Pittsburgh Compound-B. Ann Neurol 2004; 55: 306–319
- Olsson A, Vanderstichele H, Andreasen N, et al. Simultaneous measurement of beta-amyloid(1-42), total tau, and phosphorylated tau (Thr181) in cerebrospinal fluid by the xMAP technology. Clin Chem 2005; 51: 336–345