Biochemical effects of experimental epidural hematoma on brain parenchyma of rats

REFERENCES

• Burger R, Bendszus M, Vince GH, et al. A new reproducible model of an epidural mass lesion in rodents. Part I: Characterization by neurophysiological monitoring, magnetic resonance imaging, and histopathological analysis. I Neurosurg 2002; 97: 1410–1418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullock MR, Chesnut R, Ghajar J, et al. Surgical management of acute epidural hematomas. Neurosurgery 2006; 58 (Suppl. 3): S7—S15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bullock R, Smith RM, van Del len JR. Nonoperative management of extradural hematoma. Neurosurgery 1985; 16: 602–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cucciniello B, Martellotta N, Nigro D, et al. Conservative management of extradural haematomas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1993; 120: 47–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu MC, Liu JX, Luo GC, et al. Rapid natural resolution of intracranial hematoma. Chin] Traumatol 2004; 7: 96–100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen TY, Wong CW, Chang CN, et al. The expectant treatment of “asymptomatic” supratentorial epidural hematoma. Neurosurgery 1993; 32: 176–179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cayli S, Beskonakli E, Bestepe E, et al. Asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic traumatic epidural haematomas: Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative management related to SPECT and neuropsychological tests. Preliminary results. Neurosurg Rev 1998; 21: 226–231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejjani GK, Donahue DJ, Rusin J, et al. Radiological and clinical criteria for the management of epidural hematomas in children. Pediatr Neurosurg 1996; 25: 302–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezircioglu H, Ersahin Y, Demircivi F, et al. Nonoperative treatment of acute extradural hematomas: Analysis of 80 cases. J Trauma 1996; 41: 696–698
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mori K, Maeda M, Miyazaki M, et al. Effects of mild and moderate hypothermia on cerebral metabolism and glutamate in an experimental head injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl 1998; 71: 222–224
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu BN, Yabuki A, Mishina H, et al. Pathophysiology of brain swelling after acute experimental brain compression and decom-pression. Neurosurgery 1993; 32: 289–296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch DR, Dawson TM. Secondary mechanisms in neuronal trauma Curr Opin Neurol 1994; 7: 510–516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Tweel ER, Nijboer C, Kavelaars A, et al. Expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms and nitrotyrosine formation after hypoxia—ischemia in the neonatal rat brain. I Neuroimmunol 2005; 167: 64–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ustun ME, Gurbilek M, Ak A, et al. Effects of magnesium sulfate on tissue lactate and malondialdehyde levels in experimental head trauma. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27: 264–268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topsakal C, Kiliç N, Erol FS, et al. Medroxyprogesterone acetate, enoxaparin and pentoxyfylline cause alterations in lipid peroxida-tion, paraoxonase (PON1) activities and homocysteine levels in the acute oxidative stress in an experimental model of spinal cord injury. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2002; 144: 1021–1031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger R, Zuechner M, Bendszus M, et al. Moderate hypothermia improves neurobehavioral deficits after an epidural focal mass lesion in rodents. J Neurotauma 2003; 20: 543–558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douzinas EE, Andrianakis I, Pitaridis MT, et al. The effect of hypoxemic reperfusion on cerebral protection after a severe global ischemia brain insult. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27: 269–275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douzinas EE, Patsouris E, Kypriades EM, et al. Hypoxaemic reperfusion ameliorates the histopathological change in the pig brain after a severe global cerebral ischaemia insult. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27: 905–910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth KN, Onesti ST, Krauss WE, et al. A simple and reliable technique to monitor intracranial pressure in the rat: Technical note. Neurosurgery 1992; 30: 138–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceylan S, Kuzeyli K, Ilbay K, et al. Non operative management of acute extradural hematomas in children. JNeurosurg Sci 1992; 36: 85–88
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katzman GL. Epidural hematoma. In: Osborn AG, ed. Diagnostic Imaging: Brain, Salt Lake City, UT: Amirsys, 2004: pp. 2–7
   Google Scholar
• Eke A, Conger KA, Anderson M, et al. Histologic assessment of neurons in rat models of cerebral ischemia. Stroke 1990; 21: 299–304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granger DL, Taintor RR, Boockvar KS, et al. Measurement of nitrite and nitrate in biological samples using nitrate reductase and Griess reaction. Methods Enzymol 1996; 268: 142–151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balat A, Cekmen M, Yürekli M, et al. Adrenomedul lin and nitrite levels in children with Butter syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2000; 15: 266–270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buege JA, Aust SD. Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol 1978; 12: 302–310
   Google Scholar
• Lapenna D, Ciofani G, Pierdomenico SD, et al. Reaction conditions affecting the relationship between thiobarbituric acid reactivity and lipid peroxides in human plasma. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 31: 331–335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alliez JR, Hilal N, Kaya JM, et al. [Epidural intracranial hematomas: Practical issues revealed by management of 100 recent cases]. Neurochirurgie 2005; 51: 464–470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pozzati E, Tognetti F. Spontaneous healing of acute extradural hematomas: Study of twenty-two cases. Neurosurgery 1986; 186: 696–700
   Google Scholar
• Knuckey NW, Gelbard S, Epstein MH. The management of “asymptomatic” epidural hematomas. A prospective study. I Neurosurg 1989; 70: 392–396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balmer B, Boltshauser E, Altermatt S, et al. Conservative manage-ment of significant epidural haematomas in children. Childs Nerv Syst 2006; 22: 363–367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericson K, Hakansson S. Computed tomography of epidural hematomas. Association with intracranial lesions and clinical correlation. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh) 1981; 22: 513–519
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawakami Y, Tamiya T, Tanimoto T, et al. Nonsurgical treatment of posterior fossa epidural hematoma. Pediatr Neurol 1990; 6: 112–118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wada K, Alonso OF, Busto R, et al. Early treatment with a novel inhibitor of lipid peroxidation (LY341122) improves histopatholo-gical outcome after moderate fluid percussion brain injury in rats. Neurosurgery 1999; 45: 601–608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gürsoy-Özdemir Y, Bolay H, Saribas O. et al. Role of endothelial nitric oxide generation and peroxynitrite formation in reperfusion injury after focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2000; 31: 1974–1980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMillan-Crow LA, Crow JP, Kerby JD, et al. Nitration and inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase in chronic rejection of human renal allografts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 11853–11858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gahm C, Holmin S, Math iesen T. Nitric oxide synthase expression after human brain contusion. Neurosurgery 2002; 50: 1319–1326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaldi A, Zauner A, Reinert M, et al. Measurement of nitric oxide and brain tissue oxygen tension in patients after severe subar-achnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2001; 49: 33–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuzgen S, Tanriover N, Uzan M, et al. Nitric oxide levels in rat cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and brainstem after impact acceleration head injury. Neurol Res 2003; 25: 31–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cano CP, Bermudez VP, Atencio HE, et al. Increased serum malondialdehyde and decreased nitric oxide within 24 hours of thrombotic stroke onset. Am] Ther 2003; 10: 473–476
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Demirkaya S, Toppoglu MA, Aydin A, et al. Malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in peripheral blood erythrocytes of patients with acute cerebral ischemia. Eur J Neurol 2001; 8: 43–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirak B, Rousan N, Koçak A, et al. Melatonin as a free radical scavenger in experimental head trauma. Pediatr Neurosurg 1999; 31: 298–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao Y, Wang R, Tang X. Centrophenoxine improves chronic cerebral ischemia induced cognitive deficit and neuronal degeneration in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2004; 25: 1590–1596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar