Prior use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors does not affect outcome in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage

References

• Qureshi Al, Tuhrim S, Broderick JP, Batjer HH, Hondo H, Hanley DF. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1450–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsberg MD. Neuroprotection for ischemic stroke: past, present and future. Neuropharmacology. 2008; 55: 363–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzo JL, Jr, Moser M. Clinical impact of renin-angiotensin system blockade: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors vs. angiotensin receptor antagonists. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2002; 4: 11-9,31.
   Google Scholar
• Thone-Reineke C, Steckelings UM, Unger T. Angiotensin receptor blockers and cerebral protection in stroke. J Hypertens Suppl. 2006; 24: S115–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takemori K, Ishida H, Ito H. Continuous inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system and protection from hypertensive end-organ damage by brief treatment with angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci. 2005; 77: 2233-45.
   Google Scholar
• Hasegawa Y, Yamaguchi T, Omae T, Woodward M, Chalmers J. Effects of perindopril-based blood pressure lowering and of patient characteristics on the progression of silent brain infarct: the Perindopril Protection against Recurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS) CT Substudy in Japan. Hypertens Res. 2004; 27: 147–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambhi MP, Gavras H, Robertson JI, Smith WM. Long-range safety and protective benefits of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for hypertension. Do we need more clinical trials? West J Med. 1993; 158: 286–94.
   Google Scholar
• Turnbull F. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regi-mens on major cardiovascular events: results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet. 2003; 362: 1527–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou J, Pavel J, Macova M, Yu ZX, Imboden H, Ge L, et al. AT1 receptor blockade regulates the local angiotensin II system in cerebral microvessels from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Stroke. 2006; 37: 1271–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito T, Yamakawa H, Bregonzio C, Tenon JA, Falcon-Neri A, Saavedra JM. Protection against ischemia and improvement of cerebral blood flow in genetically hypertensive rats by chronic pretreatment with an angiotensin II AT1 antagonist. Stroke. 2002; 33: 2297-303.
   Google Scholar
• Biagini G, Zoli M, Torn C, Boschi S, Vantaggiato G, Ballestri M, et al. Protective effects of delapril, indapamide and their combination chronically administered to stroke-prone sponta-neously hypertensive rats fed a high-sodium diet. Clin Sci (Lond). 1997; 93: 401–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richer C, Fomes P, Vacher E, Bruneval P, Giudicelli JF. Trandolapril's protective effects in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats persist long after treatment withdrawal. Am J Cardiol. 1994; 73: 26C-35C.
   Google Scholar
• Vacher E, Forms P, Domergue V, Richer C, Bruneval P, Giudicelli JF. Quinapril prevents stroke both during and after the treatment period in stroke-prone spontaneously hyperten-sive rats. Am J Hypertens. 1993; 6: 951–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffrin EL. Blood pressure lowering in progress (perindopril protection against recurrent stroke study) and white matter hyperintensities: should this progress matter to patients? Circulation. 2005; 112: 1525–6.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman N, Huxley R, Anderson C, Bousser MG, Chalmers J, Colman S, et al. Effects of a perindopril-based blood pressure-lowering regimen on the risk of recurrent stroke according to stroke subtype and medical history: the PROGRESS Trial. Stroke. 2004; 35: 116–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The heart outcomes prevention evaluation study investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 145–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravati A, Junker V, Kouklei M, Ahlemeyer B, Culmsee C, Krieglstein J. Enalapril and moexipril protect from free radical-induced neuronal damage in vitro and reduce ischemic brain injury in mice and rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999; 373: 21–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonn E, Yusuf S, Dzavik V, Doris C, Yi Q, Smith S, et al. Effects of ramipril and vitamin E on atherosclerosis: the study to evaluate carotid ultrasound changes in patients treated with ramipril and vitamin E (SECURE). Circulation. 2001; 103: 919–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munzenmaier DH, Greene AS. Chronic angiotensin ii at 1 receptor blockade increases cerebral cortical microvessel density. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006; 290: H512–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forder JP, Munzenmaier DH, Greene AS. Angiogenic protec-tion from focal ischemia with angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade in the rat. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005; 288: H1989-96.
   Google Scholar
• Hamai M, Iwai M, Ide A, Tomochika H, Tomono Y, Mogi M, et al. Comparison of inhibitory action of candesartan and enalapril on brain ischemia through inhibition of oxidative stress. Neuropharmacology. 2006; 51: 822–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2001; 358: 1033-41.
   Google Scholar
• Jung KH, Chu K, Lee ST, Kim SJ, Song EC, Kim EH, et al. Blockade of AT1 receptor reduces apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in normotensive rats with intracerebral hemorrhage. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007; 322: 1051-58.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer SA, Lignelli A, Fink ME, Kessler DB, Thomas CE, Swarup R, et al. Perilesional blood flow and edema formation in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: a SPECT study. Stroke 1998; 29: 1791–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zazulia AR, Diringer MN, Videen TO, Adams RE, Yundt K, Aiyagari V, et al. Hypoperfusion without ischemia surrounding acute intracerebral hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2001; 21: 804–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers WJ, Zazulia AR, Videen TO, Adams RE, Yundt KD, Aiyagari V, et al. Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow surrounding acute (6 to 22 hours) intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2001; 57: 18–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim-Han JS, Kopp SJ, Dugan LL, Diringer MN. Perihematomal mitochondrial dysfunction after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2006; 37: 2457–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi Al, Ling GS, Khan J, Sun i MF, Miskolczi L, Guterman LR, et al. Quantitative analysis of injured, necrotic, and apoptotic cells in a new experimental model of intracer-ebral hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 2001; 29: 152–7.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson CS, Huang Y, Wang JG, Arima H, Neal B, Peng B, et al. Intensive blood pressure reduction in acute cerebral haemorrhage trial (INTERACT): a randomised pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008; 7: 391–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar