The effects of medroxy progesterone acetate on the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in the early phase of the spinal cord injury

References

• Sanon A, Rengachary SS. The history of spinal biomechanics. Neurosurgery 1996; 39: 657–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naderi S, Zileli M, Ozer AF. The history of spinal surgery. In: Zileli M, Ozer AF, editors. Spine and spinal cord surgery. Izmir: META Basim; 2002. p. 1-13.
   Google Scholar
• Marketos SG, Skiadas PK. Galen: a pioneer of spine research. Spine 1999; 24: 2358–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohrmann GJ. Experimental spinal cord trauma. A historical review. Arch Neurol 1972; 7: 468–73.
   Google Scholar
• Collins WF. A review and update of experiment and clinical studies of spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1983; 21: 204–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Osterholm JL. The pathophysiological response to spinal cord injury. The current status of related research. J Neurosurg 1974; 40: 5–33.
   Google Scholar
• Amar AP, Levy ML. Pathogenesis and pharmacological strategies for mitigating secondary damage in acute spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery 1999; 44: 1027–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demediuk P, Saunders RD, Clendenon NR, Anderson DK, Means ED, Horrocks LA. Changes in lipid metabolism in traumatized spinal cord. Prog Brain Res 1985; 63: 211–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall ED, Wolf DL. Post-traumatic spinal cord ischemia: relationship to injury severity and physiological parameters. Cent Nerv Syst Trauma 1987; 4: 15–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marx JL. Oxygen free radicals linked to many diseases. Science 1987; 235: 529–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaptanoglu E, Tuncel M, Palaoglu S, Konan A, Demirpence E, Kiling K. Comparison of the effects of melatonin and methylprednisolone in experimental spinal cord injury. J Neurosurg 2000;93(Suppl. 1):77-84.
   Google Scholar
• Faden AL, Jacops TP. Effect of TRH analogs on neurologic recovery after experimental spinal trauma. Neurology 1985; 35: 1331–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tator CH, Rowed DW, Schwartz ML, Gertzbein SD, Bharatwal N, Barkin M, et al. Management of acute spinal cord injuries. Can J Surg 1984; 27: 289–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Torre JC. Spinal cord injury. Review of basic and applied research. Spine. 1981; 6: 315–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braughler RW, Duncan LA. Interaction of lipid peroxidation and calcium in the pathogenesis of neuronal injury. Cent Nerv Syst Trauma 1985; 2: 269–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hall ED, McCall JM, Chase RL, Yonkers PA, Braughler JM. A nonglucocorticoid steroid analog of methylprednisolone duplicates its high-dose pharmacology in models of central nervous system trauma and neuronal membrane damage. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987; 242: 137–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyanagi I, Tator CH. Effect of a single huge dose of methylprednisolone on blood flow, evoked potentials, and histology after acute spinal cord injury in the rat. Neurol Res 1997; 19: 289–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braughler JM, Hall ED. Correlation of methylprednisolone levels in cat spinal cord with its effects on (Na + K+)-ATPase, lipid peroxidation, and alpha motor neuron function. J Neurosurg 1982; 56: 838–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas AJ, Nockels RP, Pan HQ, Shaffrey CI, Chopp M. Progesterone is neuroprotective after acute experimental spinal cord trauma in rats. Spine 1999; 24: 2134–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roof RL, Duvdevani R, Heyburn JW, Stein DG. Progesterone rapidly decreases brain edema: treatment delayed up to 24 hours is still effective. Exp Neurol 1996; 138: 246–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith SS, Woodward DJ, Chapin JK. Sex steroids modulate motor-correlated increases in cerebellar discharge. Brain Res 1989; 476: 307–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banik NL, Hogan EL, Hsu CY. Molecular and anatomical correlates of spinal cord injury. Cent Nerv Syst Trauma 1985; 2: 99–107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White BC, Krause GS. Brain injury and repair mechanisms: the potential for pharmacologic therapy in closed-head trauma. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22: 970–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katoh S, Ikata T, Tsubo M, Hamada Y, el Masry WS. Possible implication of leukocytes in secondary pathological changes after spinal cord injury. Injury 1997; 28: 215–7.
   Google Scholar
• Holmin S, Mathiesen T. Intracerebral administration of interleukin-lbeta and induction of inflammation, apoptosis, and vasogenic edema. J Neurosurg 2000; 92: 108–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aloisi F, Care A, Borsellino G, Gallo P, Rosa S, Bassani A, et al. Production of hemolymphopoietic cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, colony-stimulating factors) by normal human astrocytes in response to IL-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Immunol 1992; 149: 2358-66.
   Google Scholar
• Yang L, Blumbergs PC, Jones NR, Manavis J, Sarvestani GT, Ghabriel MN. Early expression and cellular localization of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-lbeta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human traumatic spinal cord injury. Spine 2004; 29: 966–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L, Jones NR, Blumbergs PC, van Den HC, Moore EJ, Manavis J, et al. Severity-dependent expression of proinflam-matory cytokines in traumatic spinal cord injury in the rat. J Clin Neurosci 2005; 12: 276–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson KL, Raghupathi R, Saatman KE, Martin D, Miller G, McIntosh TK. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist attenuates regional neuronal cell death and cognitive dysfunction after experimental brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999; 19: 1118-25.
   Google Scholar
• Klusman I, Schwab ME. Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines in experimental spinal cord injury. Brain Res 1997; 762: 173–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebadi M, Bashir RM, Heidrick ML, Hamada FM, Refaey HE, Hamed A, et al. Neurotrophins and their receptors in nerve injury and repair. Neurochem Int 1997; 30: 347–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thind KK, Goldsmith PC. Expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in glutamate and GABA neurons of the pubertal female monkey hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 1997; 65: 314–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumon Y, Kim SC, Tompkins P, Stevens A, Sakaki S, Loftus CM. Neuroprotective effect of postischemic administration of progesterone in spontaneously hypertensive rats with focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurosurg 2000; 92: 848–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roof RL, Duvdevani R, Braswell L, Stein DG. Progesterone facilitates cognitive recovery and reduces secondary neuronal loss caused by cortical contusion injury in male rats. Exp Neurol 1994; 129: 64–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coirini H, Gouézou M, Liere P, Delespierre B, Pianos A, Eychenne B, et al. 3 Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase expression in rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 2002; 113: 883–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher M, Guennoun R, Robert F, Carelli C, Gago N, Ghoumari A, et al. Local synthesis and dual actions of progesterone in the nervous system: neuroprotection and myelination. Growth Horm IGF Res 2004; 14: 18–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher M, Guennoun R, Mercier G, Desarnaud F, Lacor P, Benavides J, et al. Progesterone synthesis and myelin formation in peripheral nerves. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2001; 37: 343–59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• He J, Evans CO, Hoffman SW, Oyesiku NM, Stein DG. Progesterone and allopregnanolone reduce inflammatory cyto-kines after traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2004; 189: 404–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettus EH, Wright DW, Stein DG, Hoffman SW. Progesterone treatment inhibits the inflammatory agents that accompany traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2005; 1049: 112–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivlin AS, Tator CH. Regional spinal cord blood flow in rats after severe cord trauma. J Neurosurg 1978; 49: 844–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar