References
- Schwartz BS, Stewart WF, Simon D, Lipton RB. Epidemiology of tension-type headache. JAMA 1998;279:381–383.
- Nillson N. The prevalence of cervicogenic headache in a random population sample of 20- to 59-year-olds. Spine 1995;20:1884–1888.
- Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Celentano DD, Reed ML. Prevalence of migraine headache in the United States: Relation to age, income, race and other sociodemographic factors. JAMA 1992;267:64–69.
- IHS: Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004;24(suppl 1):9–160.
- Sjaastad O, Fredriksen T A, Pfaffenrath V. Cervicogenic headache: Diagnostic criteria. Headache 1998;38:442–445.
- Nillson N. Evidence that tension-type headache and cervicogenic headache are distinct disorders. JManipulative Physiol Ther 2000;23:288–289.
- Jull GA, Niere R. The cervical spine and headache In: Ferguson L, Gerwin R, eds. Grieve’s Modern Manual Therapy of the Vertebral Column. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone; 2004:291–311.
- Gerwin R. Headache. In: Clinical Mastery in the Treatment of Myofascial Pain. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005; 1–24.
- Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB, Ferrari MD. Migraine: Current understanding and treatment. N Engl J Med 2002;346:257–270.
- Edvinsson L. Aspects on the patho-physiology of migraine and cluster headache. Pharmacol Toxicol 2001;89:65–73.
- Fusco M, D’Andrea G, Micciché F, Stecca A, Bernardini D, Leon Cananzi A. Neurogenic inflammation in primary headaches. Neurol Sci 2003;24:S61-S64.
- Durham L. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and migraine. Headache 2006;46(suppl 1):S3-S8.
- Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Cuadrado ML, Pareja JA. Spinal manipulative therapy in the management of cervicogenic headache. Headache 2005;45:1260–1263.
- Bronfort G, Assendelft JJ, Evans R, Haas M, Bouter L. Efficacy of spinal manipulation for chronic headache: A systematic review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2001;24:457–466.
- Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Cuadrado ML, Miangolarra JC, Barriga FJ, Pareja JA. Are manual therapies effective in reducing pain from tension-type headache? A systematic review. Clin J Pain 2006;22:278–285.
- Astin JA, Ernst E. The effectiveness of spinal manipulation for the treatment of headache disorders: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Cephalalgia 2002;22:617–623.
- Simons DG, Travell J, Simons LS. Travell & Simons’ Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual. Vol. 1. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
- Headly B. The use of biofeedback in pain management. Physical Therapy Practice 1993;2:29–40.
- Lucas KR, Polus BI, Rich PA. Latent myofascial trigger points: their effects on muscle activation and movement efficiency. J Bodywork Mov Ther 2004;8:160–166.
- Gerwin RD, Dommerholt D, Shah JP. An expansion of Simons’ integrated hypothesis of trigger point formation. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2004;8:468–475.
- Simons DG. Review of enigmatic MTrPs as a common cause of enigmatic musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2004;14:95–107.
- McPartland JM, Simons DG. Myofascial trigger points: Translating molecular theory into manual therapy. J Man Manipulative Ther 2006 (in press).
- Ge HY, Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Arendt-Nielsen L. Sympathetic facilitation of hyperalgesia evoked from myofascial tender and trigger points in patients with unilateral shoulder pain. Clin Neurophysiol 2006;117:1545–1550.
- Bartsch T, Goadsby PJ. Stimulation of the greater occipital nerve induces increased central excitability of dural afferent input. Brain 2002;125:1496–1509.
- Piovesan EJ, Kowacs PA, Oshinsky ML. Convergence of cervical and trigeminal sensory afferents. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2003;7:377–383.
- Ge HY, Wang K, Madeleine P, Svensson P, Sessle BJ, Arendt-Nielsen L. Simultaneous modulation of the exteroceptive suppression periods in the trapezius and temporalis muscles by experimental muscle pain. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;115:1399–1408.
- Schaible HG, Schmidt RF, Willis WD. Convergent inputs from articular, cutaneous and muscle receptors onto ascending tract cells in the cat spinal cord. Exp Brain Res 1987;66:479–488.
- Hoheisel U, Mense S. Response behaviour of cat dorsal horn neurons receiving input from skeletal muscle and other deep somatic tissues. J Physiol (Lond) 1990;426:265–280.
- Hoheisel U, Mense S, Simons DG, Yu XM. Appearance of new receptive fields in rat dorsal horn neurons following noxious stimulation of skeletal muscle: A model for referred muscle pain? Neurosci Lett 1993;153:9–12.
- Mense S. Referral of muscle pain: New aspects. Amer Pain Soc J 1994;3:1–9.
- Simons DG. Neuro-physiological basis of pain caused by trigger points. Amer Pain Soc J 1994;3:17–19.
- Wright E F: Referred craniofacial pain patterns in patients with temporomandibular disorder. JADA 2000;131:1307–1315.
- Dejung B, Gröbli C, Colla F, Weissman R. Triggerpunkt-Therapie (Trigger Point Therapy). Bern, Switzerland: Verlag Hans Huber, 2003.
- Ge HY, Arendt-Nielsen L, Farina D, Madeleine P. Gender-specific differences in electromyographic changes and perceived pain induced by experimental muscle pain during sustained contractions of the upper trapezius muscle. Muscle Nerve 2005;32:726–733.
- Mork H, Ashina M, Bendtsen J, Olesen J, Jensen R. Induction of prolonged tenderness in patients with tension-type headache by means of a new experimental model of myofascial pain. Eur J Neurol 2003;10:249–256.
- Schmidt-Hansen PT, Svensson P, Jensen TS, Graven-Nielsen T, Bach FW. Patterns of experimentally induced pain in peri-cranial muscles. Cephalalgia 2006;26:568–577.
- Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Ge HY, Arendt-Nielsen L, Cuadrado ML, Pareja JA. Referred pain from trapezius muscle trigger point shares similar characteristics with chronic tension-type headache. Eur J Pain (in press).
- Marcus DA, Scharff L, Mercer S, Turk DC. Musculoskeletal abnormalities in chronic headache: A controlled comparison of headache diagnostic groups. Headache 1999;39:21–27.
- Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Cuadrado ML, Gerwin RD, Pareja JA. Trigger points in the suboccipital muscles and forward head posture in tension-type headache. Headache 2006;46:454–460.
- Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Cuadrado ML, Gerwin RD, Pareja JA. Myofascial trigger points and their relationship with headache clinical parameters in chronic tension-type headache. Headache 2006;46:1264–1272.
- Chaiamnuay P, Darmawan J, Muirden KD, Assawatanabodee P. Epidemiology of rheumatic disease in rural Thailand: A WHOILAR COPCORD study. Community Oriented Programme for the Control of the Rheumatic Disease. J Rheumatol 1998;25:1382–1387.
- Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Cuadrado ML, Pareja JA. Myofascial trigger points, neck mobility and forward head posture in unilateral migraine. Cephalalgia 2006;26:1061–1070.
- Calandre EP, Hidalgo J, Garcfa-Leiva JM, Rico-Villademoros F. Trigger point evaluation in migraine patients: An indication of peripheral sensitization linked to migraine predisposition? Eur J Neurol 2006;13:244–249.
- Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Cuadrado ML, Gerwin RD, Pareja JA. Referred pain from the trochlear region in tension-type headache: A myofascial trigger point from the superior oblique muscle. Headache 2005;45:731–737.
- Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Cuadrado ML, Gerwin RD, Pareja JA. Referred pain from the lateral rectus muscle in subjects with chronic tension-type headache (abstract). Headache 2006;46:880.
- Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Cuadrado ML, Gerwin RD, Pareja JA. Myofascial disorders in the trochlear region in unilateral migraine: A possible initiating or perpetuating factor. Clin J Pain 2006;22:548–553.
- Treaster D, Marras WS, Burr D, Sheedy JE, Hart D. Myofascial trigger point development from visual and postural stressors during computer work. JElectromyogr Kinesiol 2006;16:115–124.
- Bendtsen L. Central sensitization in tension-type headache: Possible patho-physiological mechanisms. Cephalalgia 2000;29:486–508.
- Arendt-Nielsen L, Svensson P. Referred muscle pain: Basic and clinical findings. Clin J Pain 2001;17:11–19.
- Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L, Svensson P, Jensen T. Quantification of local and referred muscle pain in humans after sequential intra-muscular injections of hypertonic saline. Pain 1997;69:111–117.
- Arendt-Nielsen L, Graven-Nielsen T. Central sensitization in fibromyalgia and other musculoskeletal disorders Curr Pain Headache Rep 2003, 7:355–361.
- Arendt-Nielsen L, Laursen RJ, Drewes A. Referred pain as an indicator for neural plasticity Prog Brain Res 2000;129:343–356.
- Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Miangolarra JC. Myofascial trigger points in subjects presenting with mechanical neck pain: A blinded, controlled study. Man Ther (in press).
- Bajaj P, Graven-Nielsen T, Arendt-Nielsen L. Osteoarthritis and its association with muscle hyperalgesia: An experimental controlled study. Pain 2001;93:107–114.
- Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Cuadrado ML, Pareja JA. Myofascial trigger points in the suboccipital muscles in episodic tension-type headache. Man Ther 2006;11:225–230.
- Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Cuadrado ML, Pareja JA. Myofascial trigger points, neck mobility and forward head posture in episodic tension-type headache. Headache (in press).
- Hong CZ, Simons DG. Response to treatment for pectoralis minor myofascial pain syndrome after whiplash. J Musculoskel Pain 1993;1(1):89–131.
- Buchgreitz, AC, Lyngberg L, Bendtsen R, Jensen R. Frequency of headache is related to sensitization: A population study. Pain 2006;123:19–27.
- Olesen J. Clinical and patho-physiological observations in migraine and tension-type headache explained by integration of vascular, supraspinal and myofascial inputs. Pain 1991;46:125–132.
- Bogduk N. The anatomical basis for cervicogenic headache J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1992;15:67–70.
- Shah JP, Phillips TM, Danoff JV, Gerber LH. An in vitro microanalytical technique for measuring the local biochemical milieu of human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 2005;99:1977–1984.
- Ashina M, Stallknecht B, Bendtsen L, Pedersen JF, Schifter S, Galbo H, Olesen J. Tender points are not sites of ongoing inflammation: In vivo evidence in patients with chronic tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 2003; 3:109–116.
- Bogduk N. Cervicogenic headache: Anatomic basis and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2001;5:382–386.
- Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Cuadrado ML, Pareja JA. Forward head posture and neck mobility in chronic tension-type headache: A blinded, controlled study. Cephalalgia 2006;26:314–319.
- Calandre EP, Hidalgo J, Garcfa-Leiva JM, Rico-Villademoros F. Effectiveness of prophylactic trigger point inactivation in chronic migraine and chronic daily headache with migraine features (abstract). Cephalalgia 2003;23:713.
- McMakin C. Micro-current Therapy: A novel treatment method for chronic low back myofascial pain. J Bodywork Mov Ther 2004;8:143–153.
- Kraus M, Reinhart E, Krause H, Reuther J. Low energy extra-corporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) for treatment of myogelosis of the masseter muscle (German). Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 1999;3:20–23.
- Majlesi J, Unalan H. High-power pain threshold ultrasound technique in the treatment of active myofascial trigger points: A randomized, double-blind, case-control study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004;85:833–836.
- Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Sohrbeck-Campo M, Fernandez-Carnero J, Miangolarra-Page JC. Manual therapies in the myofascial trigger point treatment: A systematic review. J Bodywork Mov Ther 2005;9:27–34.