Human Ligamentum Nuchae in the Elderly: Its Function in the Cervical Spine

REFERENCES

• Johnson R, Crelin E, White A, Panjabi M. Some new observations on the functional anatomy of the lower cervical spine. Clin Orthop 1975; 111:192.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagberg M. Occupational musculoskeletal stress and disorders of the neck and shoulder: A review of possible pathophysiology. Arch Occup Environ Health 1984;53:269–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bland J. Disorders of the Cervical Spine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• White A, Johnson R, Panjabi M, Southwick W. Biomechanical analysis of clinical stability o\in the cervical spine. Clin Orthop 1975;109:85–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romanes GJ. Cunningham’s Textbook of Anatomy. 12th ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Hollingshead WH. Textbook of Anatomy. Philadelphia, PA: Harper and Row, 1974.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson GM, Zhang M, Jones DG. The fine connective tissue architecture of the human ligamentum nuchae. Spine 2000;1:5–9.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson JS, Akesson EJ. Thompson’s Core Textbook of Anatomy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Finlay J, Steven F. The fibrous components of bovine ligamentum nuchae observed in the scanning electron microscope. J Microscopy 1973;99:57–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills K, Takeda M, Read S, Kirkaldy-Willis W. Regeneration of elastin in the ligamentum nuchae of a dog. Can J Surg 1969;12:476–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uitto J. Biochemistry of the elastic fiber in normal connective tissues and its alterations in diseases. J Invest Dermatol 1979;7:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Oatis CA. Kinesiology: The Mechanics and Pathomechanics of Human Movement. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Smith LK, Weiss EL. Lehmkuhl Brunstrom’s Clinical Kinesiology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Jirout J. The dynamic dependence of the lower cervical vertebrae on the atlanto-occipital joints. Neuroradiology 1974;7:249–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer S. What is the role of the ligamentum nuchae? J Manual Manipulative Ther 1998;6:209.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner E, Gray D, O’Rahilly R. Anatomy-A Regional Study of Human Structure. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co, 1963.
   Google Scholar
• Demuth W, Edwards P, Schwentker M, MacEwen G. Idiopathic extension contracture of the cervical spine: A report of two cases. J Pediatr Orthop 1990;10:794–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trager D, Tandler P. Abnormal hypertrophy of the nuchal and supraspinal ligament. A case report. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 1983;121:765–766.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fawcett DW. A Textbook of Histology. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Ross MH, Reith EJ, Romrell LJ. Histology: A Text and Atlas. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Nordin M, Lorenz T, Campello M. Biomechanics of tendons and ligaments. In: Nordin M, Frenkel VH. Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Tillman LJ, Cummings GS. Biologic mechanisms of connective tissue mutability. In: Currier, DP, Nelson RM, eds. Dynamics of Human Biologic Tissues. Philadelphia, PA: FA Davis, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell BS, Humphreys BK, O’Sullivan E. Attachments of the ligamentum nuchae to cervical posterior spinal dura and the lateral part of the occipital bone. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1998;2:145–148.
   Google Scholar
• Fielding J, Burstem A, Frendel V, et al. The nuchal ligament. Spine 1976;1:3.
   Google Scholar
• Janda V. Muscles and motor control in cervicogenic disorders: Assessment and management. In: Grant R, ed. Physical Therapy of the Cervical and Thoracic Spine, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• Dean NA, Mitchell BS. Anatomic relation between the nuchal ligament and the spinal dura in the craniocervical region. Clin Anat 2002;3:182–185.
   Google Scholar
• Paris SV. S2 Course Notes. St. Augustine, FL: University of St Augustine, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Neumann, D.A. Arthrokinesiologic considerations in the aged adult. In: Guccione AA. Geriatric Physical Therapy. 2nd ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Neumann P, Ekstrom A, Keller TS, Perry L, Hansson TH. Aging, vertebral density and disc degeneration alter the tensile stress- strain characteristics of the human anterior longitudinal ligament. J Orthop Res 1994;12:103–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall DA. The Aging of Connective Tissue. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1976.
   Google Scholar
• Woo SYL, Orlando CA, Gomez MA, Frank CB, Akeson WH. Tensile properties of the medial collateral ligament as a function of age. J Orthop Res 1986;4:131–141
   Google Scholar
• Strocchi R, De Pasquale V, Facchini A, Raspanti M, Zaffognini Marcacci M. Age related changes in human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) collagen fibrils. Ital J Anat Embryol 1996;101:213–220.
   Google Scholar
• Rigby B.J. Aging pattern in collagen in vivo and in vitro. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1983;34:439–451.
   Google Scholar
• Barros EM, Rodrigues CJ, Rodrigues NR, Oliveira RP, Barros TE, Rodrigues AJ. Aging of the elastic and collagen fibers in the human cervical interspinous ligament. Spine 2002;2:57–62.
   Google Scholar
• Fujii K, Yamgeshi T, Nagafuchi T, Tsuji M, Kuboki Y. Biochemical properties of collagen from ligaments and periarticular tendons of the knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumotol Arthrosc 1994;2:229–233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cummings GS, Tillman LJ. Emodeling of dense connective tissue in normal adult tissues In: Currier DP, Nelson RM, eds. Dynamics Of Human Biologic Tissue. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis 1992: 45–73
   Google Scholar
• Yamada H. Strength of Biological Materials. Philadelphia, PA: Williams & Wilkins, 1970.
   Google Scholar
• Adrian M.I. Flexibility in the aging adult. In: Smith EL, Serfoss RC, eds. Exercise and Aging: The Scientific Basis. Hillside, NJ: Enslow, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• White S, Sahrmann S. A movement system balance approach to management of musculoskeletal pain. In: Grant R, ed. Physical Therapy of the Cervical and Thoracic Spine. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, 1998.
   Google Scholar