Application of a classification system and description of a combined manual therapy intervention: a case with low back related leg pain

References

• Selim AJ, Ren XS, Fincke G, Deyo RA, Rogers W, Miller D, et al. The importance of radiating leg pain in assessing health outcomes among patients with low back pain. Results from the Veterans Health Study. Spine. 1998;23:470–4.
   Google Scholar
• Puolakka K, Ylinen J, Neva MH, Kautiainen H, Häkkinen A. Risk factors for back pain-related loss of working time after surgery for lumbar disc herniation: a 5-year follow-up study. Eur Spine J. 2008;17:386–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werneke M, Hart DL. Centralization phenomenon as a prognostic factor for chronic low back pain and disability. Spine. 2001;26:758–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majlesi J, Togay H, Ünalan H, Toprak S. The sensitivity and specificity of the slump and the straight leg raising tests in patients with lumbar disc herniation. J Clin Rheumatol. 2008;14:87–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer A, Hall T, Briffa N. Classification of low back-related leg pain: a proposed patho-mechanism-based approach. Man Ther. 2009;14:222–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer A, Hall T, Ludtke K, Mallwitz J, Briffa N. Interrater reliability of a new classification system for patients with neural low back-related leg pain. J Man Manip Ther. 2009;17:109–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carlton SM, Du J, Tan HY, Nesic O, Hargett GL, Bopp AC, et al. Peripheral and central sensitization in remote spinal cord regions contribute to central neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. Pain. 2009;147:265–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkelstein BA, DeLeo JA. Mechanical thresholds for initiation and persistence of pain following nerve root injury: mechanical and chemical contributions at injury. J Biomech Eng. 2004;126:258–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett M. The LANSS pain scale: the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs. Pain. 2001;92:147–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latremoliere A, Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: a generator of pain hypersensitivity by central neural plasticity. J Pain. 2009;10:895–926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kropf N, Krishnan K, Chao M, Schweitzer M, Rosenberg Z, Russell SM. Sciatic nerve injury model in the axolotl: functional, electrophysiological, and radiographic outcomes. J Neurosurg. 2009;112:880–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronchia G, Nicolinoa S, Raimondob S, Tos P, Battiston B, Papalia I, et al. Functional and morphological assessment of a standardized crush injury of the rat median nerve. J Neurosci Methods. 2009;179:51–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim S, Ming G. Roles of channels and receptors in the growth cone during PNS axonal regeneration. Exp Neurol. 2010;223:38–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elvey RL, Hall T. Neural tissue evaluation and treatment. In: Donatelli RA, editor. Physical therapy of the shoulder. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Butler D. The sensitive nervous system. Adelaide: NOI Group Publications; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Shacklock M. Clinical neurodynamics. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Limited, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Boswell M, Colson J, Sehgal N, Dunbar E, Epter R. A systematic review of therapeutic facet joint interventions in chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician. 2007;10:229–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schache A, Wrigley T, Baker R, Pandy M. Biomechanical response to hamstring muscle strain injury. Gait Posture. 2009;29:332–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor C, Gohosh S, Young D, Maffulli N. Traumatic and overuse injuries of the ischial origin of the hamstrings. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30:1597–1601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windsor RE, King FJ, Roman SJ, Tata NS, Cone-Sullivan LA, Thampi S, et al. Electrical stimulation induced lumbar medial branch referral patterns. Pain Physician. 2002;5:347–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Neill CW, Kurgansky ME, Derby R, Ryan DP. Disc stimulation and patterns of referred pain. Spine. 2002;27:2776–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie RA. The lumbar spine: mechanical diagnosis and therapy. Waikanae: Spinal Publications; 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Maitland GD, Hengeveld E, Banks K, English K, editors. Maitland’s vertebral manipulation. 7th ed. New York: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips DR, Twomey LT. A comparison of manual diagnosis with diagnosis established by a uni-level lumbar spinal block procedure. Man Ther. 1996;1:82–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis D, Quinn R, Whiteman C, Williams J, Young C. Concurrent validity of four clinical tests used to measure hamstring flexibility. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;2:583–8.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh J, Hall T. Reliability, validity and diagnostic accuracy of palpation of the sciatic, tibial and common peroneal nerves in the examination of low back related leg pain. Man Ther. 2009;14:623–9.
   Google Scholar
• Hall TM, Elvey RL. Management of mechanosensitivity of the nervous system in spinal pain syndromes. In: Boyling JD, Jull G, editors. Grieves modern manual therapy. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Kendall F, McCreary E, Provance P. Muscles: testing and function with posture and pain. 5th ed. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Deville W, van der Windt D, Dzaferagic A, Bezemer P, Boutler L. The test of Lasegue. Systematic review of the accuracy in diagnosing herniated discs. Spine. 2000;25:1140–7.
   Google Scholar
• Herrington L, Bendix K, Cornwell C, Fielden N, Hankey K. What is the normal response to structural differentiation within the slump and straight leg raise tests? Man Ther. 2008;13:289–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd B, Wanek L, Gray A, Topp K. Mechanosensitivity of the lower extremity nervous system during straight-leg raise neurodynamic testing in healthy individuals. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39:780–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards B. Manual of combined movements. 2nd ed. Woburn (MA): Butterworth-Heinemann; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan G, Fritz J, Hunter S, Thackeray A, Delitto A, Erhard R. Identifying subgroups of patients with acute/subacute ‘nonspecific’ low back pain: results of a randomized clinical trial. Spine. 2006;31:623–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz JM, Delitto A, Erhard RE. Comparison of classification- based on clinical practice guidelines for patients with acute low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Spine. 2003;28:1363–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnerup N, Otto M, McQuay H, Jensen T, Sindrup S. Algorithm for neuropathic pain treatment: an evidence based proposal. Pain. 2005;118:289–05.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler D. Mobilisation of the nervous system. Melbourne: Churchill Livingstone, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh J, Hall T. Agreement and correlation between the straight leg raise and slump tests in subjects with leg pain. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009;32:184–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall T, Elvey R. Nerve trunk pain: physical diagnosis and treatment. Man Ther. 1999;4:63–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George S. Characteristics of patients with lower extremity symptoms treated with slump stretching: a case series. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2002;32:391–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland J, Childs J, Palmer J, Eberhart S. Slump stretching in the management of non-radicular low back pain: a pilot clinical trial. Man Ther. 2006;11:279–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppieters M, Stappaerts K, Wouters L, Janssens K. The immediate effects of a cervical lateral glide treatment technique in patients with neurogenic cervicobrachial pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2003;33:369–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicenzino B, Collins D, Wright A. The initial effects of a cervical spine manipulative physiotherapy treatment on the pain and dysfunction of lateral epicondylalgia. Pain. 1996;68:69–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar