Effect of Ganoderma lucidum on human DNA is dose dependent and mediated by hydrogen peroxide

References

• Beckman KB, Ames BN. The free radical theory of aging matures. Physiol Rev 1998; 78: 547–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins AR. Oxidative DNA damage, antioxidants, and cancer. Bioessays 1999; 21: 238–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkel T, Holbrook NJ. Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 2000; 408: 239–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bokov A, Chaudhuri A, Richardson A. The role of oxidative damage and stress in aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2004; 125: 811–826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasser SP, Weis AL. Medicinal properties of substances occurring in higher basidiomycetes mushrooms: current perspectives (Review). Int J Medicinal Mushrooms 1999; 1: 31–62.
   Google Scholar
• Young IS, Woodside TV Antioxidants in health and disease. J Clin Pathol 2001; 54: 176–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szeto YT, Tomlinson B, Benzie IFF. Total antioxidant and ascorbic acid content of fresh fruits and vegetables: implications for dietary planning and food preservation. Br J Nutr 2002; 87: 55–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzie IFF. Evolution of dietary antioxidants. Comp Biochem Physiol A 2003; 136: 113–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang ST, Buswell JA. Medicinal mushrooms - a prominent source of nutraceuticals for the 21st century. Curr Topics Nutr Res 2003; 1: 257–280.
   Google Scholar
• Wachtel-Galor S, Buswell JA, Tomlinson B, Benzie IFF. Lingzhi polyphorous fungus. In: Packer L, Halliwell B, Ong C. (eds) Herbal and Traditional Medicine: Molecular Aspects of Health. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2004; 179-228.
   Google Scholar
• Chen AW, Miles PG. Biomedical research and the application of mushroom nutriceuticals from Ganoderma lucidum. In: Royse D. (ed) Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products. University Park: Penn State University, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Chang ST, Buswell JA. Ganoderma lucidum (Curt. Tr.) P. Karst. (Aphyllophoromycetideae) - a mushrooming medicinal mushroom. Int J Medicinal Mushrooms 1999; 1: 139–146.
   Google Scholar
• American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. and Therapeutic Compendium Reishi mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, standards of analysis, quality control and therapeutics. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Santa Cruz, CA, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Shiao MS. Natural products of the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum: occurrence, biological activities, and pharmacological functions. Chem Rec 2003; 3: 172–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachtel-Galor S, Szeto YT, Tomlinson B, Benzie IFF. Ganoderma lucidum (‘Lingzhi’); acute and short-term biomarker response to supplementation. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2004; 1: 75–83.
   Google Scholar
• Collins AR, Dusinska M, Franklin M et al. Comet assay in human biomonitoring studies: reliability, validation, and applications. Environ Mol Mutagen 1997; 30: 139–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassie F, Parzefall W, Knasmuller S. Single cell gel electrophoresis assay: a new technique for human biomonitoring studies. Mutat Res 2000; 463: 13–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong VVVC, Szeto YT, Collins AR, Benzie IFF. The comet assay: a biomonitoring tool for nutraceutical research. Curr Topics Nutr Res 2005; 3: 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell B. Vitamin C: antioxidant or pro-oxidant in vivo? Free Radic Res 1996; 25: 439-454.
   Google Scholar
• Szeto YT, Collins AR, Benzie IFF. Effects of dietary antioxidants on DNA damage in lysed cells using a modified comet assay procedure. Mutat Res 2002; 500: 31–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long LH, Lan ANB, Hsuan FTY, Halliwell B. Generation of hydrogen peroxide by antioxidant beverages and the effect of milk addition. Is cocoa the best beverage?. Free Radic Res 1999; 31: 61–67.
   Google Scholar
• Chai PC, Long LH, Halliwell B. Contribution of hydrogen peroxide to the cytotoxicity of green tea and red wines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 304: 650–654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell B. Oxidative stress in cell culture: an under-appreciated problem?. FEBS Lett 2003; 540: 3–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen JWM, Benzie IFF. Hydrogen peroxide in urine as a potential biomarker of whole body oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 2003; 37: 1209–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKelvey-Martin VJ, Green MH, Schmezer P, Pool-Zobel BL, De Meo MP, Collins AR. The single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay): a European review. Mutat Res 1993; 288: 47–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long LH, Clement MV, Halliwell B. Artifacts in cell culture: rapid generation of hydrogen peroxide on addition of (-)-epigallocatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (+)catechin and quercetin to commonly used cell culture media. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 273: 50–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachtel-Galor S, Tomlinson B, Benzie IFF. Ganoderma lucidum (‘Lingzhi’), a Chinese medicinal mushroom: biomarker response in a controlled human supplementation study. Br J Nutr 2004; 91: 263–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollman PCH. Bioavailability of flavonoids. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997; 51: S66–S69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dashwood WM, Omer GA, Dashwood RH. Inhibition ofl3-catenin/Tcf activity by white tea, green tea and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG): minor contributions of H202 at physiologically relevant EGCG contributions, Biochem Biophy Res Commun 2002; 296: 584-588.
   Google Scholar
• Wang SY, Hsu ML, Hsu HC et al. The anti-tumor effect of Ganoderma lucidum is mediated by cytokines released from activated macrophages and T lymphocytes. Int J Cancer 1997; 70: 699–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang QH, Lin ZB. The antitumor activity of Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.:Fr. P. Karst (Ling Zhi) (Aphyllophoromycetideae) polysaccharides is related to tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma. Int J Medicinal Mushrooms 1999; 1: 207–215.
   Google Scholar
• Kimura Y, Taniguchi M, Baba K. Antitumor and antimetastatic effects on liver of triterpenoid fractions of Ganoderma lucidum: mechanism of action and isolation of an active substance. Anticancer Res 2002; 22: 3309–3318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berovic M, Habijanic J, Zore I et al. Submerged cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum biomass and immunostimulatory effects of fungal polysaccharides. J Biotechnol 2003; 103: 77–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar