Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase – from oxidative stress to cellular functions and degenerative diseases

REFERENCES

• Luzzatto L, Battistuzzi G. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Adv Hum Genet 1985; 14: 217–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott MD, Zuo L, Lubin BH, Chiu DT. NADPH, not glutathione, status modulates oxidant sensitivity in normal and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient erythrocytes. Blood 1991; 77: 2059–2064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutler E. The genetics of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Semin Hematol 1990; 27: 137–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutler E. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 169–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Working Group. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Bull World Health Organ 1989; 67: 601–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Standardization of procedures for the study of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Report of a WHO Scientific Group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1967; 366: 1–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beutler E. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and red cell glutathione peroxidase. Blood 1977; 49: 467–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison AC. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in red blood cells of East Africans. Nature 1960; 186: 531–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adam A. Linkage between deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and colour-blindness. Nature 1961; 189: 686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer SH, Porter TH, Weilbacher RG. Electrophoretic heterogeneity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and its relationship to enzyme deficiency in man. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1962; 48: 1868–1876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persico MG, Viglietto G, Martini Get al. Isolation of human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) cDNA clones: primary structure of the protein and unusual 5' non-coding region. Nucleic Acids Res 1986; 14: 2511–2522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martini G, Toniolo D, Vulliamy T et al. Structural analysis of the X-linked gene encoding human glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. EMBO J 1986; 5: 1849–1855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toniolo D, Persico MG, Battistuzzi G, Luzzatto L. Partial purification and characterization of the messenger RNA for human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Mol Biol Med 1984; 2: 89–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takizawa T, Huang TY, Ikuta T, Yoshida A. Human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: primary structure and cDNA cloning. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 4157–4161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirono A, Beutler E. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of cDNA for human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variant A(-). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 3951–3954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutler E, Vulliamy TJ. Hematologically important mutations: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2002; 28: 93–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vulliamy TJ, D'Urso M, Battistuzzi Get al. Diverse point mutations in the human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene cause enzyme deficiency and mild or severe hemolytic anemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 5171–5175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arese P. De Flora A. Pathophysiology of hemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Semin Hematol 1990; 27: 1–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutler E. G6PD deficiency. Blood 1994; 84: 3613–3636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du SD. Favism in west China. Chin Med J1952; 70: 17-26.
   Google Scholar
• Du CS, Xu YK, Hua XY, Wu QL, Liu LB. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants and their frequency in Guangdong, China. Hum Genet 1988; 80: 385–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du CS, Liu LB, Liu B, Tokunaga K, Omoto K. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among three national minorities in Hainan Island, China. Gene Geogr 1988; 2: 71–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen SH, Chen CL. [Clinical observation of kernicterus in Chinese newborns]. Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi 1963; 4: 39–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen HC. Kernicterus in the Chinese newborn. A morphological and spectrophotometric study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1964; 23: 527–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai HC, Lai MP, Leung KS. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Chinese. J Clin Pathol 1968; 21: /11 47.
   Google Scholar
• Chan TK, Todd D, Wong CC. Erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Chinese. BMJ 1964; (5401): 102.
   Google Scholar
• Yue PC, Strickland M. Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency and neonatal jaundice in Chinese male infants in Hong Kong. Lancet 1965; 13: 350–351.
   Google Scholar
• Lin TM, Lin KS, Song ST, Su HY. A study of an outbreak of acute hemolytic anemia possibly caused by fava beans. Zhonghua Min Guo Xiao Er Ke Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi 1961; 2: 99–105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCurdy PR, Kirkman FIN, Naiman JL, Jim RT, Pickard BM. A Chinese variant of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. J Lab Clin Med 1966; 67: 374–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCurdy PR, Blackwell RQ, Todd D, Tso SC, Tuchinda S. Further studies on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Chinese subjects. J Lab Clin Med 1970; 75: 788–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang SH, Wu SJ, Wu KF, Hsiao KJ. Neonatal screening for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Taiwan. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1999; 30 (Suppl 2): 72–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsiao KJ. Genetic disorders and neonatal screening. In: Miyai K, Kanno T, Ishikawa E. (eds) Clinical Biochemistry. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992; 289–292.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng HY, Fu YJ, Lee CB, Lo SK, Hung CM, Chiu DTY. Incidence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in blood donors of Taiwan. J Biomed Lab Sci 1994; 6: 43–48.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens DJ, Wanachiwanawin W, Mason PJ, Vulliamy TJ, Luzzatto L. G6PD Canton a common deficient variant in South East Asia caused by a 459 Arg-Leu mutation. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18: 7190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vulliamy TJ, Kaeda JS, Ait-Chafa D et al. Clinical and haematological consequences of recurrent G6PD mutations and a single new mutation causing chronic nonspherocytic haemolytic anaemia. Br J Haematol 1998; 101: 670–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vulliamy T, Luzzatto L, Hirono A, Beutler E. Hematologically important mutations: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Blood Cell Mol Dis 1997; 23: 302–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen EY, Cheng A, Lee A et al. Sequence of human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase cloned in plasmids and a yeast artificial chromosome. Genomics 1991; 10: 792–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toniolo D, Filippi M, Dono R, Lettieri T, Martini G. The CpG island in the 5' region of the G6PD gene of man and mouse. Gene 1991; 102: 197–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin DY, Jeang KT. Isolation of full-length cDNA and chromosomal localization of human NF-kappaB modulator NEMO to Xq28. J Biomed Sci 1999; 6: 115–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longo L, Vanegas OC, Patel M et al. Maternally transmitted severe glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency is an embryonic lethal. EMBO J 2002; 21: 4229–4239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu W, Westwood B, Bartsocas CS, Malcorra-Azpiazu JJ, Indrak K, Beutler E. Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase mutations and haplotypes in various ethnic groups. Blood 1995; 85: 257–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efferth T, Bachli EB, Schwarzl SM et al. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency-type Zurich: a splice site mutation as an uncommon mechanism producing enzyme deficiency. Blood 2004; 104: 2608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au SW, Gover S, Lam VM, Adams MJ. Human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: the crystal structure reveals a structural NADP(+) molecule and provides insights into enzyme deficiency. Structure 2000; 8: 293–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan M, Renbaum P, Levy-Lahad E, Hammerman C, Lahad A, Beutler E. Gilbert syndrome and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a dose-dependent genetic interaction crucial to neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 12128–12132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan M. Gilbert I. 's syndrome and jaundice in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient neonates. Haematologica 2000; 85: E01.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan M, Hammerman C. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a potential source of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and kernicterus. Semin Neonatol 2002; 7: 121–128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaplan M, Hammerman C. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a hidden risk for kernicterus. Semin Perinatol 2004; 28: 356–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian WN, Braunstein LD, Pang J et al. Importance of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity for cell growth. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 10609–10617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raineri R, Levy HR. On the specificity of steroid interaction with mammary glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 1970; 9: 2233–2243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oertel GW, Benes P. The effects of steroids on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. J Steroid Biochem 1972; 3: 493–496.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oertel GW, Rebelein I. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone and its conjugates upon the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in human erythrocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1969; 184: 459–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho HY, Cheng ML, Lu FJ et al. Enhanced oxidative stress and accelerated cellular senescence in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient human fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med 2000; 29: 156–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson FB, Sinclair DA, Guarente L. Molecular biology of aging. Cell 1999; 96: 291–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckman KB, Ames BN. Oxidants, antioxidants and aging. In: Scandalios JG. (ed) Oxidative stress, and the Molecular Biology of Antioxidant Defenses. New York: Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory, 1997; 201–272.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng ML, Ho HY, Wu YH, Chiu DT. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient cells show an increased propensity for oxidant-induced senescence. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 36: 580–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng ML, Ho HY, Liang CM et al. Cellular glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) status modulates the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on human foreskin fibroblasts. FEBS Lett 2000; 475: 257–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho HY, Wei TT, Cheng ML, Chiu DT. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate protects cells against peroxynitrite-induced cytotoxicity: modulatory effect of cellular G6PD status. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54: 1638–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies KJ. The broad spectrum of responses to oxidants in proliferating cells: a new paradigm for oxidative stress. IUBMB Life 1999; 48: 41–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burdon RH. Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in relation to mammalian cell proliferation. Free Radic Biol Med 1995; 18: 775–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiese AG, Pacifici RE, Davies KJ. Transient adaptation of oxidative stress in mammalian cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1995; 318: 231–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai J, Chen Y, Seth S, Furukawa S, Compans RW, Jones DP. Inhibition of influenza infection by glutathione. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34: 928–936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck MA. The influence of antioxidant nutrients on viral infection. Nutr Rev 1998; 56:S140–S146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck MA, Levander OA, Handy J. Selenium deficiency and viral infection. J Nutr 2003; 133: 1463S-1467S.
   Google Scholar
• Beck MA, Kolbeck PC, Rohr LH, Shi Q, Morris VC, Levander OA. Benign human enterovirus becomes virulent in selenium-deficient mice. J Med Virol 1994; 43: 166–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck MA, Kolbeck PC, Rohr LH, Shi Q, Morris VC, Levander OA. Vitamin E deficiency intensifies the myocardial injury of coxsackievirus B3 infection of mice. J Nutr 1994; 124: 345–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozolins TR, Siksay DL, Wells PG. Modulation of embryonic glutathione peroxidase activity and phenytoin teratogenicity by dietary deprivation of selenium in CD-1 mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996; 277: 945–953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells PG, Kim PM, Laposa RR, Nicol CJ, Parman T, Winn LM. Oxidative damage in chemical teratogenesis. Mutat Res 1997; 396: 65–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells PG, Winn LM. Biochemical toxicology of chemical teratogenesis. Grit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 31: 1–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winn LM, Wells PG. Evidence for embryonic prostaglandin H synthase-catalyzed bioactivation and reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidation of cellular macromolecules in phenytoin and benzo[a]pyrene teratogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 1997; 22: 607–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicol CJ, Zielenski J, Tsui LC, Wells PG. An embryoprotective role for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in developmental oxidative stress and chemical teratogenesis. FASEB J2000; 14: 111–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandolfi PP, Sonati F, Rivi R, Mason P, Grosveld F, Luzzatto L. Targeted disruption of the housekeeping gene encoding glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD): G6PD is dispensable for pentose synthesis but essential for defense against oxidative stress. EMBO J1995; 14: 5209-5215.
   Google Scholar
• Filosa S, Fico A, Paglialunga F et al. Failure to increase glucose consumption through the pentose-phosphate pathway results in the death of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene-deleted mouse embryonic stem cells subjected to oxidative stress. Biochem J2003; 370: 935–943.
   Google Scholar
• Fico A, Paglialunga F, Cigliano Let al. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase plays a crucial role in protection from redox-stress-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Difer 2004; 11: 823–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paglialunga F, Fico A, Iaccarino I et al. G6PD is indispensable for erythropoiesis after the embryonic-adult hemoglobin switch. Blood 2004; 104: 3148–3152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Crespo M, Ramirez MA, Fernandez-Gonzalez R et al. Differential sensitivity of male and female mouse embryos to oxidative induced heat-stress is mediated by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene expression. Mol Reprod Dev 2005; 72: 502–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leopold JA, Walker J, Scribner AW et al. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase modulates vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 32100–32106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai KJ, Hung IJ, Chow CK, Stern A, Chao SS, Chiu DT. Impaired production of nitric oxide, superoxide, and hydrogen peroxide in glucose 6-phosphate-dehydrogenase-deficient granulocytes. FEBS Lett 1998; 436: 411–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leopold JA, Cap A, Scribner AW, Stanton RC, Loscalzo J. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency promotes endothelial oxidant stress and decreases endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability. FASEB J2001; 15: 1771-1773.
   Google Scholar
• Leopold JA, Zhang YY, Scribner AW, Stanton RC, Loscalzo J. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase overexpression decreases endothelial cell oxidant stress and increases bioavailable nitric oxide. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003; 23: 411–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain M, Brenner DA, Cui L et al. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase modulates cytosolic redox status and contractile phenotype in adult cardiomyocytes. Circ Res 2003; 93: e9–e16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain M, Cui L, Brenner DA et al. Increased myocardial dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion in mice lacking glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Circulation 2004; 109: 898–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsui R, Xu S, Maitland KA et al. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency decreases vascular superoxide and atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E(-/-) mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26: 910–916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupte SA, Kaminski PM, Floyd B et al. Cytosolic NADPH may regulate differences in basal Nox oxidase-derived superoxide generation in bovine coronary and pulmonary arteries. Am J Physiol 2005; 288: H13–H21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolin MS, Ahmad M, Gupte SA. Oxidant and redox signaling in vascular oxygen sensing mechanisms: basic concepts, current controversies, and potential importance of cytosolic NADPH. Am J Physiol 2005; 289: L159–L173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsui R, Xu S, Maitland KA et al. Glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency decreases the vascular response to angiotensin II. Circulation 2005; 112: 257–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaskin RS, Estwick D, Peddi R. G6PD deficiency: its role in the high prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Ethn Dis 2001; 11: 749–754.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaffer WT. Effects of growth hormone on lipogenic enzyme activities in cultured rat hepatocytes. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: E719–E725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y. Free radicals, antioxidant enzymes, and carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 1990; 8: 583–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulis E. G.-6-P.D. deficiency and cancer. Lancet 1972; 1: 1185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezwoda WR, Derman DP, See N, Mansoor N. Relative value of oestrogen receptor assay, lactoferrin content, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity as prognostic indicators in primary breast cancer. Oncology 1985; 42: 7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo W, Lin J, Tang TK. Human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene transforms NIH 3T3 cells and induces tumors in nude mice. Int J Cancer 2000; 85: 857–864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forteleoni G, Argiolas L, Farris A, Ferraris AM, Gaetani GF, Meloni T. G6PD deficiency and breast cancer. Tumori 1988; 74: 665–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisano M, Cocco P, Cherchi R, Onnis R, Cherchi P. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and lung cancer: a hospital based case-control study. Tumori 1991; 77: 12–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocco P, Todde P, Fornera S, Manca MB, Manca P, Sias AR. Mortality in a cohort of men expressing the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Blood 1998; 91: 706–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng AJ, Chiu DT, See LC, Liao CT, Chen IH, Chang JT. Poor prognosis in nasopharyngeal cancer patients with low glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase activity. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92: 576–581.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niazi GA. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and diabetes mellitus. Int J Hematol 1991; 54: 295–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan GH, Tsai SC, Chiu DT. Decreased blood activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase associates with increased risk for diabetes mellitus. Endocrine 2002; 19: 191–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assaf AA, Tabbara KF, el-Hazmi MA. Cataracts in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Ophthalmic Paediatr Genet 1993; 14: 81–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balaji M, Sasikala K, Sundararajulu G, Ravindran T, Sathar ML. Analysis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in anterior subcapsular and mixed cataractous lenses. Br J Ophthalmol 1995; 79: 1124–1125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan GH, Lin KK, Tsai SC, Chiu DT. Decreased glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity and risk of senile cataract in Taiwan. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2006; 13: 109–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang CS, Landau JIM. Effects of tea consumption on nutrition and health. J Nutr 2000; 130: 2409–2412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho HY, Cheng ML, Wang YH, Chiu DT. Flow cytometry for assessment of the efficacy of siRNA. Cytometiy A 2006; 69: 1054–1061.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar