Clinical Identification of Early Stuttering: Methods, Issues, and Future Directions

References

• Adams, M. R. (1977). A clinical strategy for differentiating the normally nonfluent child and the incipient stutterer. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 2, 141–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, M. R. (1980). The young stutterer: Diagnosis, treatment, and assessment of progress. Seminars in Speech, Language, and Hearing, 1, 289–299.
   Google Scholar
• Adams, M. R. (1987). Voice onsets and segment durations of normal speakers and beginning stutterers. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 12, 133–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, M. R., & Webster, L. M. (1989). Case selection strategies with children "at risk" for stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 14, 11–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrose, N. G., & Yairi, E. (1999). Normative disfluency data for early childhood stuttering. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42, 895–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein Ratner, N. (1997). Leaving Las Vegas: Clinical odds and individual outcomes. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 6,29–33.
   Google Scholar
• Bloodstein, O. (1970). Stuttering and normal nonfluency: A continuity hypothesis. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 5, 30–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bloodstein, O. (1986). Semantics and beliefs. In G. H. Shames & H. Rubin (Eds.), Stuttering then and now. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merill.
   Google Scholar
• Bloodstein, O. (1987). A handbook on stuttering (4th ed.). Chicago: National Easter Seal Society.
   Google Scholar
• Bloodstein, O. (1990). On pluttering, skivvering, and floggering: A commentary. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, 392–393.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bloodstein, O. (1995). A handbook on stuttering (5th ed.). San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Conture, E. G. (1990). Stuttering (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall.
   Google Scholar
• Conture, E. G. (1997). Evaluating childhood stuttering. In R. F. Curlee & G. M. Siegel ( Eds.), The nature and treatment of stuttering: New directions (2nd ed., pp. 239–256). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Conture, E. G., & Fraser, J. (Eds.) (1989). Stuttering and your child: Questions and answers. Memphis, TN: Speech Foundation of America, No. 22.
   Google Scholar
• Conture, E. G., & Kelly, E. (1991). Young stutterers' nonspeech behaviors during stuttering. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34, 1041–1056.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conture, E., Rothenberg, M., & Molitar, R. D. (1986). Electroglottographic observations of young stutterers' fluency. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 28, 384–393.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, E. B., & Cooper, C. S. (1985). Cooper personalized fluency control therapy (Rev. ed.) Allen, TX: DLM Teaching Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Cordes, A. K., & Ingham, R. (Eds.). (1998). Treatment efficacy for stuttering A search for empirical bases. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Craig, A. R., & Hancock, K. (1995). Selfreported factors related to relapse following treatment for stuttering. Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders, 23,48–60.
   Google Scholar
• Curlee, R. F. (1980). A case selection strategy for young disfluent children. In W. H. Perkins (Ed.), Strategies in stuttering therapy (pp. 277–288). New York: Thieme-Stratton.
   Google Scholar
• Curlee, R. F. (1990). A case selection strategy for young disfluent children. Seminars in Speech, Language, and Hearing, 1, 277–287.
   Google Scholar
• Curlee, R. F. (1993). Identification and manage-ment of beginning stuttering. In R. F. Curlee (Ed.), Stuttering and related disorders of flu-ency (pp. 1–22). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Curlee, R. F. (Ed.) (1999). Identification and case selection guidelines for early childhood stuttering. In R. F. Curlee (Ed.), Stuttering and related disorders of fluency, (2nd ed., pp. 1–22). New York: Thieme.
   Google Scholar
• Curlee, R. F., & Yairi, E. (1997). Early interven-tion with early childhood stuttering: A critical examination of the data. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 6,8–18.
   Google Scholar
• Denil, L. F., & Brutten, G. (1991). Speech-associ-ated attitudes of stuttering and nonstuttering children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Re-search, 34, 60–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, P. A., & Luper, H. L. (1992a). The early identification of beginning stuttering I: Protocols. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 1(4), 43–53.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, P. A., & Luper, H. L. (1992b). The early identification of beginning stuttering II: Prob-lems. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 1(4), 49–55.
   Google Scholar
• Gottwald, S. R., & Starkweather, C. W. (1999). Stuttering prevention and early intervention: A multipurpose approach. In M. Onslow & A. Packman (Eds.), The handbook of early stut-tering intervention (pp. 53–82) San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory, H. H., & Hill, D. (1980). Stuttering therapy for children. Seminars in Speech, Lan-guage, and Hearing, 1, 301–309.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory, H. H., & Hill, D. (1984). Stuttering therapy for children. In W. H. Perkins (Ed.), Stuttering disorders (pp. 77–94). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory, H. H., & Hill, D. (1999). Differential evaluation-Differential therapy for stuttering children. In R. Curlee (Ed.), Stuttering and related disorders of fluency (pp. 23–44). New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Guitar, B. (1998). Stuttering: An integrated approach to its nature and treatment. (2nd ed.) Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, D. H., & Yairi, E. (1992). Fundamental frequency, jitter, and shimmer in preschoolers who stutter. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35, 1002–1008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hubbard, C. P., & Yairi, E. (1988). Clustering of disfluencies in the speech of stuttering and nonstuttering preschool children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 31, 228–233.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ingham, R. J. (1990). Commentary on Perkins (1990) and Moore & Perkins (1990): On the valid role of reliability in identifying "what is stuttering." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, 394–397.
   Google Scholar
• Ingham, R. J. (1993). Stuttering treatment efficacy: Paradigm-dependent or independent. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 18, 133–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, W. (1942). A study of the onset and development of stuttering. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 7, 251–257.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, W. & Associates. (1959). The onset of stuttering Minneapolis: University of Minne-sota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, M., Onslow, M., Harrison, E., & Pack-man, A. (2000). Treating stuttering in young children: Predicting treatment time in the Lidcombe Program. Journal of Speech, Lan-guage, and Hearing Research, 43, 1440–1450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, M., Onslow, M., Packman, A., Williams, S., Schwartz, T., & Gebski, V. (2005). A ran-domised controlled trial of the Lidcombe Program for early stuttering intervention. British Medical Journal, 331, 659–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, E. M., & Conture, E. G. (1992). Speaking rates, response time latencies, and interrupt-ing behaviors of young stutterers, nonstutterers, and their mothers. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35, 1256–1267.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kingston, M., Huber, A., Onslow, M., Jones, M., & Packman, A. (2003). Predicting treatment time with the Lidcombe Program: Replication and metaanalysis. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 38, 165–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, M., Onslow, M., Wilson, L., & Lewis, C. (1996). A clinical trial of an operant treatment for school-age stuttering children. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 5, 73–85.
   Google Scholar
• Luper, H., & Mulder, R. (1964). Stuttering: Therapy for children. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, R. R., & Haroldson, S. K. (1986). Stuttering as involuntary loss of speech control: Barking up a new tree. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 51, 187–190.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore, S. E., & Perkins, W. H. (1990). Validity and reliability of judgments of authentic and simulated stuttering. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, 383–391.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Onslow, M. (1992). Identification of early stuttering: Issues and suggested strategies. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 1, 21–27.
   Google Scholar
• Onslow, M. (1995). A picture is worth more than any words [letter]. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38, 586–588.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Onslow, M., Andrews, C., & Costa, L. (1990). Parental severity scaling of early stuttered speech: Four case studies. Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders, 18, 47–61.
   Google Scholar
• Onslow, M., Costa, L., & Rue, S. (1990). Direct early intervention with stuttering: Some pre-liminary data. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, 405–416.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Onslow, M., Gardner, KM., Bryant, K., Stuck-ings, CL., & Knight, T. (1992). Stuttered and normal speech events in early childhood: The validity of a behavioral data language.Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35, 79–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Onslow, M., & Packman, A. (1997). Behavioral treatment of stuttering in adults: Designing a management strategy. In R. F. Curlee & G. M. Siegel (Eds.), Nature and treatment of stut-tering: New directions (2nd ed.). Boston: Al-lyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Onslow, M., & Packman, A. (1999). The Lid-combe Program of early stuttering intervention. In N. Bernstein Ratner & E. C. Healy (Eds.), Treatment and research: Bridging the gap (pp. 193–210). Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Onslow, M., & Packman, A. (2001). Ambiguity and algorithms in diagnosing early stuttering. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44, 593–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onslow, M., Packman, A. & Harrison, E. (2003). The Lidcombe Program of early stuttering intervention: A clinician's guide. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed
   Google Scholar
• Packman, A., & Onslow, M. (1998). The behav-ioral data language of stuttering. In A. Cordes & R. Ingham (Eds.), Treatment efficacy for stuttering A search for empirical bases (pp. 27–50). San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Packman, A., & Onslow, M. (1999). Issues in early stuttering intervention. In: M. Onslow & A. Packman (Eds.), A handbook of early stuttering intervention (p. 1–16). San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Perkins, W. H. (1983). The problem of defini-tion: Commentary on "stuttering." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 48, 246–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perkins, W. H. (1984). Stuttering as a categori-cal event: Barking up the wrong treeReply to Wingate. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 49, 431–434.
   Google Scholar
• Perkins, W. H. (1986). More bite for a bark: Epi-logue to Martin and Haroldson's letter. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 51, 190–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins, W. H. (1990a). What is stuttering? Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, 370–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins, W. H. (1990b). Gratitude, good intentions, and red herrings: A response to commentaries. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, 402–404.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, T. J., & Guitar, B. (1991). Stuttering: An integrated approach to its treatment. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Pindzola, R. H. (1999). The stuttering intervention program. In. M. Onslow & A. Packman (Eds.), The handbook of early stuttering in-tervention (pp. 119–138). San Diego, CA: Sin-gular Publishing Group.
   Google Scholar
• Pindzola, R. H., & White, D. T. (1986). A protocol for differentiating the incipient stutterer. Language, Speech and Hearing Services in Schools, 17, 2–15.
   Google Scholar
• Prins, D., & Ingham, R. (1983). Issues and perspectives. In D. Prins & R. Ingham (Eds.), Treatment of stuttering in early childhood: Methods and issues (pp. 141–146). San Di-ego, CA: College-Hill Press.
   Google Scholar
• Riley, G. D. (1984). Stuttering prediction instrument for young children (Rev. ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed [Previously Tigard, OR: C.C. Publications].
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, B. P. (2001). A longitudinal study of articulation, language, rate, and fluency of 22 preschool children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 26, 107–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shine, R. E. (1984). Assessment and fluency training with the young stutterer. In M. Peins (Ed.), Contemporary approaches in stutter-ing therapy (pp. 173–216). Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. (1990). Toward a comprehensive theo-ry of stuttering: A commentary. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 55, 398–401.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Starkweather, C. W., & Gottwald, S. R. (1993). A pilot study of relations among specific mea-sures obtained at intake and discharge in a pro-gram of prevention and early intervention for stuttering. American Journal of Speech-Lan-guage Pathology, 2, 51–58.
   Google Scholar
• Starkweather, C. W., Gottwald, S. R., & Half ond, M. M. (1990). Stuttering prevention: A clinical method. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Teesson, K., Packman, A., & Onslow, M. (2003). The Lidcombe behavioral data language of stuttering. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46, 1009–1015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Riper, C. (1971). The nature of stuttering Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Van Riper, C. (1982). The nature of dstuttering (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall.
   Google Scholar
• Vanryckegham, M., & Brutten, G. (1997). The speech-associated attitude of children who do and do not stutter and the differential effect of age. American Journal of Speech-Lan-guage Pathology, 6,67–73.
   Google Scholar
• Webber, M., & Onslow, M. (2003). Maintenance of treatment effects. In M. Onslow, A. Packman, & E. Harrison (Eds.), The Lidcombe Program of early stuttering intervention: A clinician's guide (pp. 81–91). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
   Google Scholar
• Wingate, M. E. (1976). Stuttering: Theory and treatment. New York: Irvington.
   Google Scholar
• Wingate, M. E. (1984). Definition is the problem. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 49, 429–431.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wyatt, G. L. (1969). Language learning and communication disorders. New York: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yairi, E. (1997). Disfluency characteristics of early childhood stuttering. In R. Curlee & G. Siegel (Eds.), Nature and treatment of stuttering (pp. 24–48). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Yairi, E. (1999). Epidemiologic factors and stuttering research. In N. Bernstein Ratner & E.C. Healy (Eds.), Treatment and research: Bridging the gap (pp.45–54). Mahwah, NJ: Lau-rence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Yairi, E., & Ambrose, N. (1992a). A longitudinal study of stuttering in children: A preliminary report. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35, 755–760.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yairi, E., & Ambrose, N. (1992b). Onset of stuttering in preschool children: Selected factors. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35, 782–788.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yairi, E., & Ambrose, N. (1999). Spontaneous recovery and clinical trials research in early childhood stuttering: A response to Onslow and Packman. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 42, 402–409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yairi, E., & Lewis, B. (1984). Disfluencies at the onset of stuttering. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 27, 154–159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yaruss, J. S. (1997). Clinical implications of situational variability in preschool children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 22, 187–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaruss, J. S., LaSalle, L., & Conture E. (1998). Evaluating stuttering in young children: Diagnostic data. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 7,62–76.
   Google Scholar
• Yaruss, J. S., Newman, R. M., & Flora, T. (1999). Language and disfluency in nonstuttering children's conversational speech. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 24, 185–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zebrowski, P. M. (1991). Duration of the speech disfluencies of beginning stutterers. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34, 483–491.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zebrowski, P. M. (1997). Assisting young chil-dren who stutter and their families: Defining the role of the speech-language pathologist. American Journal of Speech-Language Pa-thology, 6, 19–28.
   Google Scholar