Rapid assessment of the geographical distribution of Mansonella perstans infections in Uganda, by screening schoolchildren for microfilariae

REFERENCES

• Adolph, P. E., Kagan, I. G. & McQuay, R. M. (1962). Diagnosis and treatment of Acanthocheilonema per-stans filariasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 11, 76–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird, J. K., Neafie, R. C. & Connor, D. H. (1988). Nodules in the conjunctiva, bung-eye and bulge-eye in Africa caused by Mansonella perstans. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 38, 553–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, R. E., Wilks, N. E. & Allen, D. M. (1970). Health survey of primary school children in Uganda: incidence of anaemia, splenomegaly, hookworm and malaria. East African Medical Journal, 47,302–318.
   Google Scholar
• Burrough, P. A. & McDonnell, R. A. (1998). Principles of Geographical Information Systems. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Christy, C. (1903). The distribution of sleeping sickness, Filaria perstans &c, in East Equatorial Africa. Report of the Royal Society Sleeping Sickness Commission, 3,3–12.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, A. R. (1901). Notes on diseases met with in Uganda, Central Africa. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4,175–178.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, P., Kilian, A. H. D., Bamuhiiga, J., Kipp, W. & Buttner, D. W. (1996). Prevalence of Mansonella perstans in western Uganda and its detection using QBC0-fluorescence method. Applied Parasitology, 37, 32–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gryseels, B. A., Polderman, M., Manshande, J. P. & Gigase, P. L. (1985). Human filariasis in two forest villages in Maniema, (Kivu) Zaire. Annales de la Societe Belge de Médecine Tropicale, 65, 163–171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hawking, F. (1977). The distribution of filariasis throughout the world. Part III. Africa. Tropical Diseases Bulletin, 74,649–679.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnston, K., Hoef, J. M. V., Krivoruchko, K. & Lucas, N. (2001). Using ArcGIS® Geostatistical Analyst. Oak Ridge, TN: ESRI.
   Google Scholar
• Kershaw, W. E., Keay, R. W. J., Nicholas, W. L. & Zahra, A. (1953). Studies on the epidemiology of filariasis in West Africa, with special reference to the British Camemons and the Niger Delta. IV. The incidence of Loa loa and Acanthocheilonema perstans in the rain forest, the forest fringe and the mountain grasslands of the British Cameroons, with observations on the species of Chrysops and Culkoicles found. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 47,406–425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khamala, C. P. & Kettle, D. S. (1971). The Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 123, 1–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lammie, P. J., Weil, G., Noordin, R., Kaliraj, P., Steel, C., Goodman, D., Lakshmikanthan, V. B. & Ottesen, E. (2004). Recombinant antigen-based antibody assays for the diagnosis and surveillance of lymphatic filariasis - a multicenter trial. Filaria Journal, 3,9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Low, G. C. (1903). Filaria perstans. British Medical Journal, i, 722–724.
   Google Scholar
• Mommers, E. C., Dekker, H. S., Richard, P., Garcia, A. & Chippaux, J. P. (1994). Prevalence of L. boa and M. perstans filariasis in southern Cameroon. Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 47,2–5.
   Google Scholar
• Ndyomugyenyi, R. (1998). The burden of onchocer-ciasis in Uganda. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 92 (Suppl. 1), S133–S137.
   Google Scholar
• Noireau, F., Itoua, A. & Carme, B. (1990). Epidemiology of Mansonella perstans filariasis in the forest fringe of South Congo. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 84, 251–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onapa, A. W., Simonsen, P. E. & Pedersen, E. M. (2001a). Non-filarial elephantiasis in the Mt. Elgon area (Kapchorwa district) of Uganda. Acta Tropica, 78,171–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onapa, A. W., Simonsen, P. E., Pedersen, E. M. & Okello, D. O. (2001b). Lymphatic filariasis in Uganda: baseline investigations in Lira, Soroti and Katakwi districts. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 95, 161–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onapa, A. W., Simonsen, P. E., Baehr, I. & Pedersen, E. M. (2005). Rapid assessment of the geographical distribution of lymphatic filariasis in Uganda, by screening schoolchildren for circulating filarial anti-gens. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 99, 141–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottesen, E. A. (2000). The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 5,591–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poltera, A. A. (1973). The histopathology of ocular loiasis in Uganda. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 67,819–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Pérez, M. A., Dominguez-Vázques, A., Mendez-Galván, J., Sifuentes-Rincón, A. M.,
   Google Scholar
• Larralde-Corona, P., Barrera-Saldafia, H. A. & Bradley, J. E. (2003). Antibody detection tests for Onchocerca volvulus: comparison of the sensitivity of a cocktail of recombinant antigens used in the in-direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a rapid-format antibody card test. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 97, 539–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonsen, P. E. (2003). Filariases. In Manson's Tropical Diseases, 21st Edn, eds Cook, G. C. & Zumla, A. I. pp. 1487-1502. London: W.B. Saunders.
   Google Scholar
• Strohschneider, H. (1953). Oral and intraperitoneal treatment of Acanthocheilonema (Dipetalonema) perstans with diethylcarbamazine. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 5,158–162.
   Google Scholar
• Tawill, S. A., Kipp, W., Lucius, R., Gallin, M., Erttmann, K. D. & Büttner, D. W. (1995). Immunodiagnostic studies on Onchocerca volvulus and Mansonella perstans infections using a recombinant 33 kDa O. volvulus protein (0v33). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 89,51–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooff, W. R. (1968). A review of current tsetse control in Uganda. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 63, 125–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (1987). Control of Lymphatic Filariasis. A Manual for Health Personnel. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar