Zinc diet and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review

References

• Alzheimer's Disease International, World Alzheimer Report 2009. London; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Brookmeyer R, Johnson E, Ziegler-Graham K, Arrighi HM. Forecasting the global burden of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2007;3(3):186–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans DA, Funkenstein HH, Albert MS, Scherr PA, Cook NR, Chown MJ, et al. Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in a community population of older persons: higher than previously reported. JAMA 1989;262(18):2551–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertram L, Lill CM, Tanzi RE. The genetics of Alzheimer disease: back to the future. Neuron 2010;68(2):270–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamphuis PJ, Scheltens P. Can nutrients prevent or delay onset of Alzheimer's disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2010;20(3):765–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush AI. Drug development based on the metals hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2008;15(2):223–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatta P. Metal ions and neurodegenerative disorders. World Scientific Pub Co Inc; Singapore 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Adlard PA, Bush AI. Metals and Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2006;10(2):145–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush AI, Pettingell WH, Multhaup G, d Paradis M, Vonsattel JP, Gusella JF, et al. Rapid induction of Alzheimer A beta amyloid formation by zinc. Science 1994;265(5177):1464–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovell MA, Robertson JD, Teesdale WJ, Campbell JL, Markesbery WR. Copper, iron and zinc in Alzheimer's disease senile plaques. J Neurol Sci 1998;158(1):47–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovell MA. A potential role for alterations of zinc and zinc transport proteins in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2009;16(3):471–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt NT, Whitehouse IJ, Hooper NM. The role of zinc in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011;2011:971021.
   Google Scholar
• Vallee BL, Falchuk KH. The biochemical basis of zinc physiology. Physiol Rev 1993;73(1):79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederickson C. Neurobiology of zinc and zinc-containing neurons. Int Rev Neurobiol 1989;31:145–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederickson CJ, Koh JY, Bush AI. The neurobiology of zinc in health and disease. Nat RevNeurosci 2005;6(6):449–62.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss JH, Sensi SL, Koh JY. Zn2+: a novel ionic mediator of neural injury in brain disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2000;21(10):395–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown KH, Wuehler SE, Peerson JM. The importance of zinc in human nutrition and estimation of the global prevalence of zinc deficiency. Food Nutr Bull 2001;22(2):113.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson RS. Zinc nutrition in developing countries. Nutr Res Rev 1994;7(01):151–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Briefel R, Bialostosky K, Kennedy-Stephenson J, McDowell M, Ervin R, Wright J. Zinc intake of the US population: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. J Nutr 2000;130(5):1367S–73S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbasi AA, Rudman D. Undernutrition in the nursing home: prevalence, consequences, causes and prevention. Nutr Rev 1994;52(4):113–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson EL, Jenagaratnam L, McShane R. Metal protein attenuating compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;1(1):CD005380.
   Google Scholar
• Jenagaratnam L, McShane R. Clioquinol for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;Jan 25(1):CD005380.
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie CW, Bush AI, Mackinnon A, Macfarlane S, Mastwyk M, MacGregor L, et al. Metal-protein attenuation with iodochlorhydroxyquin (clioquinol) targeting A beta amyloid deposition and toxicity in Alzheimer disease: a pilot phase 2 clinical trial. Arch Neurol 2003;60(12):1678–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yaffe K, Clemons TE, McBee WL, Lindblad AS. Impact of antioxidants, zinc, and copper on cognition in the elderly: a randomized, controlled trial. Neurology 2004;63(9):1705–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeill G, Avenell A, Campbell M, Cook J, Hannaford P, Kilonzo M, et al. Effect of multivitamin and multimineral supplementation on cognitive function in men and women aged 65 years and over: a randomised controlled trial. Nutr J 2007;6(1):10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Planas M, Conde M, Audivert S, Perez-Portabella C, Burgos R, Chacon P, et al. Micronutrient supplementation in mild Alzheimer disease patients. Clin Nutr 2004;23(2):265–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lannfelt L, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Batsman S, Ames D, Harrison J, et al. Safety, efficacy, and biomarker findings of PBT2 in targeting A beta as a modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease: a phase IIa, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(9):779–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faux NG, Ritchie CW, Gunn A, Rembach A, Tsatsanis A, Bedo J, et al. PBT2 rapidly improves cognition in Alzheimer's disease: additional phase II analyses. J Alzheimers Dis 2010;20(2):509–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra RK. Effect of vitamin and trace-element supplementation on cognitive function in elderly subjects. Nutrition 2001;17:709–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gariballa S, Forster S. Effects of dietary supplements on depressive symptoms in older patients: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2007;26(5):545–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Rhijn A, Prior C, Corrigan F. Dietary supplementation with zinc sulphate, sodium selenite and fatty acids in early dementia of Alzheimer's type. J Nutr Med 1990;1(4):259–66.
   Google Scholar
• Corrigan F, Van Rhijn A, Macintyre F, Skinner E, Horrobin D. Dietary supplementation with zinc sulphate, sodium selenite and fatty acids in early dementia of Alzheimer's type. II: effects on lipids. J Nutr Environ Med 1991;2(3):265–71.
   Google Scholar
• Gil Gregorio P, Ramirez Diaz SP, Ribera Casado JM, DEMENU group. Dementia and nutrition. Intervention study in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer disease. J Nutr Health Aging 2003;7(5):304–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maylor EA, Simpson EE, Secker DL, Meunier N, Andriollo-Sanchez M, Polito A, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation on cognitive function in healthy middle-aged and older adults: the ZENITH study. Br J Nutr 2007;96(04):752–60.
   Google Scholar
• McLachlan DR, Kruck TP, Kalow W, Dalton AJ, Bell MY, Smith WL, et al. Intramuscular desferrioxamine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 1991;337(8753):1304–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray SL, Hanlon JT, Landerman LR, Artz M, Schmader KE, Fillenbaum GG. Is antioxidant use protective of cognitive function in the community-dwelling elderly? Am J Geriatr Pharmacother 2003;1(1):3–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marcellini F, Giuli C, Papa R, Gagliardi C, Dedoussis G, Herbein G, et al. Zinc status, psychological and nutritional assessment in old people recruited in five European countries: zincage study. Biogerontology 2006;7(5):339–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris MC, Evans DA, Tangney CC, Bienias JL, Schneider JA, Wilson RS, et al. Dietary copper and high saturated and trans fat intakes associated with cognitive decline. Arch Neurol 2006;63(8):1085–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simpson EE, Maylor EA, Rae G, Meunier N, Andriollo-Sanchez M, Catasta G, et al. Cognitive function in healthy older European adults: the ZENITH study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005;59:S26–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam P, Kritz-Silverstein D, Barrett-Connor E, Milne D, Nielsen F, Gamst A, et al. Plasma trace elements and cognitive function in older men and women: the Rancho Bernardo study. J Nutr Health Aging 2008;12(1):22–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortega RM, Requejo AM, Andrés P, López-Sobaler AM, Quintas ME, Redondo MR, et al. Dietary intake and cognitive function in a group of elderly people. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;66(4):803–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vural H, Demirin H, Kara Y, Eren I, Delibas N. Alterations of plasma magnesium, copper, zinc, iron and selenium concentrations and some related erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme activities in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2010;24(3):169–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerhardsson L, Lundh T, Minthon L, Londos E. Metal concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008;25(6):508–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molina JA, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Aguilar MV, Meseguer I, Mateos-Vega CJ, González-Muñoz MJ, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of transition metals in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm 1998;105(4):479–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong J, Robertson J, Markesbery W, Lovell M. Serum zinc in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2008;15(3):443–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozcankaya R, Delibas N. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, melatonin, iron, copper, and zinc blood concentrations in patients with Alzheimer disease: cross-sectional study. Croat Med J 2002;43(1):28–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molaschi M, Ponzetto M, Bertacna B, Berrino E, Ferrario E. Determination of selected trace elements in patients affected by dementia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1996;22:39–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sahu RN, Pandey RS, Subhash MN, Arya BY, Padmashree TS, Srinivas KN. CSF zinc in Alzheimer's type dementia. Biol Psychiatry 1988;24(4):480–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershey CO, Hershey LA, Varnes A, Vibhakar SD, Lavin P, Strain WH. Cerebrospinal fluid trace element content in dementia: clinical, radiologic, and pathologic correlations. Neurology 1983;33(10):1350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González C, Martín T, Cacho J, Breñas MT, Arroyo T, García-Berrocal B, et al. Serum zinc, copper, insulin and lipids in Alzheimer's disease epsilon 4 apolipoprotein E allele carriers. Eur J Clin Invest 1999;29(7):637–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabet N. Vitamins, trace elements, and antioxidant status in dementia disorders. Int Psychogeriatr 2001;13(3):265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum L, Chan IH, Cheung SK, Goggins WB, Mok V, Lam L, et al. Serum zinc is decreased in Alzheimer's disease and serum arsenic correlates positively with cognitive ability. Biometals 2010;23(1):173–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeandel C, Nicolas MB, Dubois F, Nabet-Belleville F, Penin F, Cuny G. Lipid peroxidation and free radical scavengers in Alzheimer's disease. Gerontology 1989;35(5–6):275–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licastro F, Davis L, Mocchegiani E, Fabris N. Impaired peripheral zinc metabolism in patients with senile dementia of probable Alzheimer's type as shown by low plasma concentrations of thymulin. Biol Trace Elem Res 1996;51(1):55–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shore D, Henkin RI, Nelson NR, Agarwal RP, Wyatt RJ. Hair and serum copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium concentrations in Alzheimer-type dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1984;32(12):892–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer G, Kanzer S, Zimmerman E, Molho E, Celmins D, Heckman S, et al. Subclinical zinc deficiency in Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2011;25(7):572–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strozyk D, Launer L, Adlard P, Cherny R, Tsatsanis A, Volitakis I, et al. Zinc and copper modulate Alzheimer A beta levels in human cerebrospinal fluid. Neurobiol Aging 2009;30(7):1069–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornett CR, Ehmann WD, Wekstein DR, Markesbery WR. Trace elements in Alzheimer's disease pituitary glands. Biol Trace Elem Res 1998;62(1):107–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrási E, Farkas É, Scheibler H, Réffy A, Bezúr L. Al, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe levels in brain in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1995;21(1):89–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrási E, Farkas É, Gawlik D, Rösick U, Brätter P. Brain iron and zinc contents of German patients with Alzheimer disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2000;2(1):17–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Danscher G, Jensen K, Frederickson C, Kemp K, Andreasen A, Juhl S, et al. Increased amount of zinc in the hippocampus and amygdala of Alzheimer's diseased brains: a proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopic analysis of cryostat sections from autopsy material. J Neurosci Methods 1997;76(1):53–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deibel MA, Ehmann WD, Markesbery WR. Copper, iron, and zinc imbalances in severly degenerated brain regions in Alzheimer's disease: possible relation to oxidative stress. J Neurol Sci 1996;143(1–2):137–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornett CR, Markesbery WR, Ehmann WD. Imbalances of trace elements related to oxidative damage in Alzheimer's disease brain. Neurotoxicology 1998;19(3):339–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Religa D, Strozyk D, Cherny RA, Volitakis I, Haroutunian V, Winblad B, et al. Elevated cortical zinc in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2006;67(1):69–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samudralwar DL, Diprete CC, Ni BF, Ehmann WD, WR M. Elemental imbalances in the olfactory pathway in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 1995;130(2):139–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leite RE, Jacob-Filho W, Saiki M, Grinberg LT, Ferretti R. Determination of trace elements in human brain tissues using neutron activation analysis. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2008;278(3):581–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenstrup D, Ehman W, Markesbery W. Trace element imbalances in isolated subcellular fractions of Alzheimer's disease brains. Brain Res 1990;533(1):125–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward NI, Mason JA. Neutron activation analysis techniques for identifying elemental status in Alzheimer's disease. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1987;113(2):515–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panayi AE, Spyrou NM, Ubertalli LC, Akanle OA, Part P. Differences in trace element concentrations between the right and left hemispheres of human brain using INAA. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2000;244(1):205–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panayi AE, Spyrou NM, Iversen BS, White MA, Part P. Determination of cadmium and zinc in Alzheimer's brain tissue using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J Neurol Sci 2002;195(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrigan FM, Reynolds GP, Ward NI. Hippocampal tin, aluminum and zinc in Alzheimer's disease. Biometals 1993;6(3):149–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rulon LL, Robertson JD, Lovell MA, Deibel MA, Ehmann WD, WR M. Serum zinc levels and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Trace Elem Res 2000;75(1):79–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regland B, Lehmann W, Abedini I, Blennow K, Jonsson M, Karlsson I, et al. Treatment of Alzheimer's disease with clioquinol. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2000;12(6):408–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tully CL, Snowdon DA, Markesbery WR. Serum zinc, senile plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles: findings from the Nun Study. Neuroreport 1995;6(16):2105–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibach B, Haen E, Marienhagen J, Hajak G. Clioquinol treatment in familiar early onset of Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacopsychiatry 2005;38:178–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potocnik FC, Van Rensburg SJ, Park C, Taljaard JJ, Emsley RA. Zinc and platelet membrane microviscosity in Alzheimer's disease: the in vivo effect of zinc on platelet membranes and cognition. S Afr Med J 1997;87(9):1116–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinidis J. Treatment of Alzheimer's disease by zinc compounds. Drug Dev Res 1992;27(1):1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keberle H. The biochemistry of desferrioxamine and its relation to iron metabolism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1964;119(2):758–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loef M, Walach H. Copper and iron in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and its dietary implications. Br J Nutr 2012;107:7–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adlard PA, Bica L, White AR, Nurjono M, Filiz G, Crouch PJ, et al. Metal ionophore treatment restores dendritic spine density and synaptic protein levels in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2011;6(3):e17669.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schrag M, Dickson A, Jiffry A, Kirsch D, Vinters HV, Kirsch W. The effect of formalin fixation on the levels of brain transition metals in archived samples. Biometals 2010;23(6):1–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lovell MA, Smith JL, Markesbery WR. Elevated zinc transporter-6 in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease, and pick disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2006;65(5):489–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocchegiani E, Malavolta M. Zinc dyshomeostasis, ageing and neurodegeneration: implications of A2M and inflammatory gene polymorphisms. J Alzheimers Dis 2007;12(1):101–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubartseva G, Smith JL, Markesbery WR, Lovell MA. Alterations of zinc transporter proteins ZnT1, ZnT4 and ZnT 6 in preclinical Alzheimer's disease brain. Brain Pathol 2010;20(2):343–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer N, Coulson DT, Heggarty S, Ravid R, Irvine GB, Hellemans J, et al. ZnT3 mRNA levels are reduced in Alzheimer's disease post-mortem brain. Mol Neurodegener 2009;4:53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jayasooriya AP, Ackland ML, Mathai ML, Sinclair AJ, Weisinger HS, Weisinger RS, et al. Perinatal -3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supply modifies brain zinc homeostasis during adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102(20):7133–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Zinc – environmental health criteria 221. Geneva: WHO; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Hambidge M. Biomarkers of trace mineral intake and status. J Nutr 2003;133(3):948S–55S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood R. Assessment of marginal zinc status in humans. J Nutr 2000;130(5):1350S–4S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe N, Fekete K, Decsi T. Methods of assessment of zinc status in humans: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(6):2040S–51S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King J. Assessment of zinc status. J Nutr 1990;120 (11 Suppl.):1474–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maret W, Sandstead HH. Zinc requirements and the risks and benefits of zinc supplementation. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2006;20(1):3–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandstead H. Zinc deficiency: a public health problem? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1991;145(8):853–9.
   Google Scholar
• Shankar A, Prasad A. Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 August 1, 1998;68(2):447S–63S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad A. Impact of the discovery of human zinc deficiency on health. J Am Coll Nutr 2009;28(3):257–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown KH, Peerson JM, Rivera J, Allen LH. Effect of supplemental zinc on the growth and serum zinc concentrations of prepubertal children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;75(6):1062–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rico J, Kordas K, Lopez P, Rosado J, Vargas G, Ronquillo D, et al. Efficacy of iron and/or zinc supplementation on cognitive performance of lead-exposed Mexican schoolchildren: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatrics 2006;117(3):e518–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pongcharoen T, DiGirolamo AM, Ramakrishnan U, Winichagoon P, Flores R, Martorell R. Long-term effects of iron and zinc supplementation during infancy on cognitive function at 9 y of age in northeast Thai children: a follow-up study. Am J Clin Nutr 2011 March 1, 2011;93(3):636–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black MM. The evidence linking zinc deficiency with children's cognitive and motor functioning. J Nutr 2003 May 1, 2003;133(5):1473S–6S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zatta P, Drago D, Bolognin S, Sensi S. Alzheimer's disease, metal ions and metal homeostatic therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009;30(7):346–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferenci P. Diagnosis and current therapy of Wilson's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19(2):157–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonnerdal B. Dietary factors influencing zinc absorption. J Nutr 2000;130(5):1378S–83S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClain C, McClain M, Barve S, Boosalis M. Trace metals and the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med 2002;18(4):801–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smithers G, Finch S, Doyle W, Lowe C, Bates CJ, Prentice A, et al. The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: people aged 65 years and over. Nutr Food Sci 1998;98(3):133–4.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson L, Gregory J, Swan G, Britain G, Research MRCHN, Agency FS. The national diet & nutrition survey: adults aged 19 to 64 years. Stationery Office, London; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Hotz C, Peerson JM, Brown KH. Suggested lower cutoffs of serum zinc concentrations for assessing zinc status: reanalysis of the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (1976–1980). Am J Clin Nutr 2003;78(4):756–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, Nesi B, Pratelli L, Savarino L, et al. Blood micronutrient and thyroid hormone concentrations in the oldest-old. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85(6):2260–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briefel RR, Bialostosky K, Kennedy-Stephenson J, McDowell MA, Ervin RB, Wright JD. Zinc intake of the US population: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. J Nutr 2000;130(5):1367S–73S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Max-Rubner-Institut Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ernährung und Lebensmittel. Ergebnisbericht, Teil 2 – Nationale Verzehrsstudie II. Karlsruhe Max-Rubner-Institut; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Fairweather-Tait S, Harvey L, Ford D. Does ageing affect zinc homeostasis and dietary requirements? Exp Gerontol 2008;43(5):382–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad A, Fitzgerald J, Hess J, Kaplan J, Pelen F, Dardenne M. Zinc deficiency in elderly patients. Nutrition 1993;9:218–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda A, Minami A, Takefuta S, Tochigi M, Oku N. Zinc homeostasis in the brain of adult rats fed zinc deficient diet. J Neurosci Res 2001;63(5):447–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda A, Takefuta S, Okada S, Oku N. Relationship between brain zinc and transient learning impairment of adult rats fed zinc-deficient diet. Brain Res 2000;859(2):352–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braak H, Braak E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1991;82(4):239–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyamoto M. Characteristics of age-related behavioral changes in senescence-accelerated mouse SAMP8 and SAMP10. Exp Gerontol 1997;32(1–2):139–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adlard PA, Parncutt JM, Finkelstein DI, Bush AI. Cognitive loss in zinc transporter-3 knock-out mice: a phenocopy for the synaptic and memory deficits of Alzheimer's disease? J Neurosci 2010;30(5):1631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito T, Takahashi K, Nakagawa N, Hosokawa T, Kurasaki M, Yamanoshita O, et al. Deficiencies of hippocampal Zn and ZnT3 accelerate brain aging of rat. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;279(2):505–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin K, Peel AL, Mao XO, Xie L, Cottrell BA, Henshall DC, et al. Increased hippocampal neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101(1):343–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherny RA, Atwood CS, Xilinas ME, Gray DN, Jones WD, McLean CA, et al. Treatment with a copper-zinc chelator markedly and rapidly inhibits [beta]-amyloid accumulation in Alzheimer's disease transgenic mice. Neuron 2001;30(3):665–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard CJ, Cappai R, Volitakis I, Laughton KM, Masters CL, Bush AI, et al. Chronic exposure to high levels of zinc or copper has little effect on brain metal homeostasis or a accumulation in transgenic APP-C100 mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2009;29(5):757–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linkous DH, Adlard PA, Wanschura PB, Conko KM, Flinn JM. The effects of enhanced zinc on spatial memory and plaque formation in transgenic mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2009;18(3):565–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corona C, Masciopinto F, Silvestri E, Viscovo AD, Lattanzio R, Sorda RL, et al. Dietary zinc supplementation of 3xTg-AD mice increases BDNF levels and prevents cognitive deficits as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Cell Death Dis 2010;1(10):e91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Railey AM, Groeber CM, Flinn JM. The effect of metals on spatial memory in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2011;24(2):375–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang CY, Wang T, Zheng W, Zhao BL, Danscher G, Chen YH, et al. Zinc overload enhances APP cleavage and a deposition in the Alzheimer mouse brain. PLoS One 2010;5(12):309–64.
   Google Scholar
• Stoltenberg M, Bush AI, Bach G, Smidt K, Larsen A, Rungby J, et al. Amyloid plaques arise from zinc-enriched cortical layers in APP/PS1 transgenic mice and are paradoxically enlarged with dietary zinc deficiency. Neuroscience 2007;150(2):357–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang LH, Wang X, Stoltenberg M, Danscher G, Huang L, Wang ZY. Abundant expression of zinc transporters in the amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease brain. Brain Res Bull 2008;77(1):55–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svennerholm L. Distribution and fatty acid composition of phosphoglycerides in normal human brain. J Lipid Res 1968;9(5):570–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suphioglu C, De Mel D, Kumar L, Sadli N, Freestone D, Michalczyk A, et al. The omega-3 fatty acid, DHA, decreases neuronal cell death in association with altered zinc transport. FEBS Lett 2010;584(3):612–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barberger-Gateau P, Raffaitin C, Letenneur L, Berr C, Tzourio C, Dartigues J, et al. Dietary patterns and risk of dementia: the three-city cohort study. Neurology 2007;69(20):1921–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris M, Evans D, Bienias J, Tangney C, Bennett D, Wilson R, et al. Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2003;60(7):940–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• United States Departement of Agriculture. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 22. 2010 [cited 2011 06.04.2011]; Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=18877.
   Google Scholar
• Annweiler C, Schott AM, Rolland Y, Blain H, Herrmann FR, Beauchet O. Dietary intake of vitamin D and cognition in older women: a large population-based study. Neurology 2010;75(20):1810–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potocnik FC, van Rensburg SJ, Hon D, Emsley RA, Moodie IM, Erasmus RT. Oral zinc augmentation with vitamins A and D increases plasma zinc concentration: implications for burden of disease. Metab Brain Dis 2006;21(2):134–42.
   Google Scholar
• Burnet FM. A possible role of zinc in the pathology of dementia. Lancet 1981;317(8213):186–8.
   Google Scholar
• Loef M, Schrauzer GN, Walach H. Selenium and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. J Alzheimers Dis 2011;26(1):81–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar