Effects of fish oil supplementation on prefrontal metabolite concentrations in adolescents with major depressive disorder: A preliminary ¹H MRS study

References

• McNamara RK. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid deficiency in mood disorders: rationale for treatment and prevention. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2013;10:233–44. doi: 10.2174/1570163811310030006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hibbeln JR. Depression, suicide and deficiencies of omega-3 essential fatty acids in modern diets. World Rev Nutr Diet 2009;99:17–30. doi: 10.1159/000192992
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Su K-P, Balanza-Martinez V. Role of omega-3 fatty acids in mood disorders. In: McNamara RK, (ed.) The omega-3 fatty acid deficiency syndrome. USA: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.; 315–36.
   Google Scholar
• Assies J, Pouwer F, Lok A, Mocking RJ, Bockting CL, Visser I, et al. Plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid patterns in patients with recurrent depression: a matched case-control study. PLoS ONE 2010;5:e10635. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards R, Peet M, Shay J, Horrobin D. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in the diet and in red blood cell membranes of depressed patients. J Affect Disord 1998;48:149–55. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0327(97)00166-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peet M, Murphy B, Shay J, Horrobin D. Depletion of omega-3 fatty acid levels in red blood cell membranes of depressive patients. Biol Psychiatry 1998;43:315–9. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00206-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riemer S, Maes M, Christophe A, Rief W. Lowered omega-3 PUFAs are related to major depression, but not to somatization syndrome. J Affect Disord 2010;123:173–80. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin PY, Huang SY, Su KP. A meta-analytic review of polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions in patients with depression. Biol Psychiatry 2010;68:140–7. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara RK, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Dwivedi Y, Pandey GN. Selective deficits in erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid composition in adult patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2010;126:303–11. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.03.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pottala JV, Talley JA, Churchill SW, Lynch DA, von Schacky C, Harris WS. Red blood cell fatty acids are associated with depression in a case-control study of adolescents. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012;86:161–5. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams PB, Lawson S, Sanigorski A, Sinclair AJ. Arachidonic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid ratio in blood correlates positively with clinical symptoms of depression. Lipids 1996;(31 Suppl):S157–61. doi: 10.1007/BF02637069
   Google Scholar
• Clayton EH, Hanstock TL, Hirneth SJ, Kable CJ, Garg ML, Hazell PL. Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the blood of children and adolescents with juvenile bipolar disorder. Lipids 2008;43:1031–8. doi: 10.1007/s11745-008-3224-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara RK, Strimpfel J, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Welge JA, et al. Detection and treatment of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid deficiency in adolescents with SSRI-resistant major depressive disorder. Pharma Nutr 2014;2:38–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Appleton KM, Rogers PJ, Ness AR. Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed mood. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:757–70. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman MP, Hibbeln JR, Wisner KL, Davis JM, Mischoulon D, Peet M, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids: evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67:1954–67. doi: 10.4088/JCP.v67n1217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin PY, Su KP. A meta-analytic review of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of antidepressant efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:1056–61. doi: 10.4088/JCP.v68n0712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins JG. EPA but not DHA appears to be responsible for the efficacy of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in depression: evidence from a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Nutr 2009;28:525–42. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2009.10719785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sublette ME, Ellis SP, Geant AL, Mann JJ. Meta-analysis of the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in clinical trials in depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2011;72:1577–84. doi: 10.4088/JCP.10m06634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton EH, Hanstock TL, Hirneth SJ, Kable CJ, Garg ML, Hazell PL. Reduced mania and depression in juvenile bipolar disorder associated with long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009;63:1037–40. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2008.81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nemets H, Nemets B, Apter A, Bracha Z, Belmaker RH. Omega-3 treatment of childhood depression: a controlled, double-blind pilot study. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:1098–100. doi: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wozniak J, Biederman J, Mick E, Waxmonsky J, Hantsoo L, Best C, et al. Omega-3 fatty acid monotherapy for pediatric bipolar disorder: a prospective open-label trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2007;17:440–7. doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver JD, Benford VJ, Han B, Cantor AB. The relationship between age and the fatty acid composition of cerebral cortex and erythrocytes in human subjects. Brain Res Bull 2001;56:79–85. doi: 10.1016/S0361-9230(01)00551-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara RK, Liu Y, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P. The aging human orbitofrontal cortex: decreasing polyunsaturated fatty acid composition and associated increases in lipogenic gene expression and stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2008;78:293–304. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltz BS, Tlusty MF, Benton JL, Sandeman DC. Omega-3 fatty acids upregulate adult neurogenesis. Neurosci Lett 2007;415:154–8. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coti Bertrand P, O'Kusky JR, Innis SM. Maternal dietary (n-3) fatty acid deficiency alters neurogenesis in the embryonic rat brain. J Nutr 2006;136:1570–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu DY, Tsao YY, Leung YM, Su KP. Docosahexaenoic acid suppresses neuroinflammatory responses and induces heme oxygenase-1 expression in BV-2 microglia: implications of antidepressant effects for ω-3 fatty acids. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010;35:2238–48. doi: 10.1038/npp.2010.98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr SK, Palumbo S, Bosetti F, Mount HT, Kang JX, Greenwood CE, et al. Unesterified docosahexaenoic acid is protective in neuroinflammation. J Neurochem 2013;127:378–93. doi: 10.1111/jnc.12392
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao JS, Ertley RN, DeMar JC Jr, Rapoport SI, Bazinet RP, Lee HJ. Dietary n-3 PUFA deprivation alters expression of enzymes of the arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid cascades in rat frontal cortex. Mol Psychiatry 2007;12:151–7. doi: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belayev L, Khoutorova L, Atkins KD, Bazan NG. Robust docosahexaenoic acid-mediated neuroprotection in a rat model of transient, focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2009;40:3121–6. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.555979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozyurt B, Sarsilmaz M, Akpolat N, Ozyurt H, Akyol O, Herken H, et al. The protective effects of omega-3 fatty acids against MK-801-induced neurotoxicity in prefrontal cortex of rat. Neurochem Int 2007;50:196–202. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis EF, Police RJ, Dodson LY, McKinney JS, Holt SA. Effect of dietary n-3 fatty acids on cerebral microcirculation. Am J Physiol 1992;262:1379–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukada H, Kakiuchi T, Fukumoto D, Nishiyama S, Koga K. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) improves the age-related impairment of the coupling mechanism between neuronal activation and functional cerebral blood flow response: a PET study in conscious monkeys. Brain Res 2000;862:180–6. doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02115-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ximenes da Silva A, Lavialle F, Gendrot G, Guesnet P, Alessandri JM, Lavialle M. Glucose transport and utilization are altered in the brain of rats deficient in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Neurochem 2002;81:1328–37. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00932.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giedd JN, Lalonde FM, Celano MJ, White SL, Wallace GL, Lee NR, et al. Anatomical brain magnetic resonance imaging of typically developing children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009;48:465–70. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819f2715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sowell ER, Thompson PM, Holmes CJ, Batth R, Jernigan TL, Toga AW. Localizing age-related changes in brain structure between childhood and adolescence using statistical parametric mapping. Neuroimage 1999;9:587–97. doi: 10.1006/nimg.1999.0436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conklin SM, Runyan CA, Leonard S, Reddy RD, Muldoon MF, Yao JK. Age-related changes of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the anterior cingulate cortex of individuals with major depressive disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010;82:111–9. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara RK, Hahn C-G, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Stanford K, et al. Selective deficits in the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid in the postmortem orbitofrontal cortex of patients with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2007;62:17–24. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara RK, Jandacek R, Tso P, Dwivedi Y, Ren X, Pandey GN. Lower docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in the postmortem prefrontal cortex of adult depressed suicide victims compared with controls without cardiovascular disease. J Psychiatr Res 2013;47:1187–91. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.05.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamazaki K, Choi KH, Kim HY. Phospholipid profile in the postmortem hippocampus of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: no changes in docosahexaenoic acid species. J Psychiatr Res 2010;44:688–93. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.11.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamazaki K, Hamazaki T, Inadera H. Fatty acid composition in the postmortem amygdala of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2012;46:1024–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamazaki K, Hamazaki T, Inadera H. Abnormalities in the fatty acid composition of the postmortem entorhinal cortex of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2013;210:346–50. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara RK, Rider T, Jandacek R, Tso P. Abnormal fatty acid pattern in the superior temporal gyrus distinguishes bipolar disorder from major depression and schizophrenia and resembles multiple sclerosis. Psychiatry Res 2014;215:560–7. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conklin SM, Gianaros PJ, Brown SM, Yao JK, Hariri AR, Manuck SB, et al. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acid intake is associated positively with corticolimbic gray matter volume in healthy adults. Neurosci Lett 2007;421:209–12. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.04.086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara RK, Able J, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Eliassen JC, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation increases prefrontal cortex activation during sustained attention in healthy boys: a placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:1060–7. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samieri C, Maillard P, Crivello F, Proust-Lima C, Peuchant E, Helmer C, et al. Plasma long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and atrophy of the medial temporal lobe. Neurology 2012;79:642–50. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318264e394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titova OE, Sjögren P, Brooks SJ, Kullberg J, Ax E, Kilander L, et al. Dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids is linked to gray matter volume and cognitive function in elderly. Age (Dordr) 2013;35:1495–505. doi: 10.1007/s11357-012-9453-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walhovd KB, Storsve AB, Westlye LT, Drevon CA, Fjell AM. Blood markers of fatty acids and vitamin D, cardiovascular measures, body mass index, and physical activity relate to longitudinal cortical thinning in normal aging. Neurobiol Aging 2013;S0197–4580(13)00579–4.
   Google Scholar
• Witte AV, Kerti L, Hermannstädter HM, Fiebach JB, Schreiber SJ, Schuchardt JP, et al. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids improve brain function and structure in older adults. Cereb Cortex 2014 [ Epub ahead of print].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virtanen JK, Siscovick DS, Lemaitre RN, Longstreth WT, Spiegelman D, Rimm EB, et al. Circulating omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and subclinical brain abnormalities on MRI in older adults: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2013;2:e000305. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.113.000305
   Google Scholar
• Kempton MJ, Salvador Z, Munafò MR, Geddes JR, Simmons A, Frangou S, et al. Structural neuroimaging studies in major depressive disorder. Meta-analysis and comparison with bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011;68:675–90. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacher J, Neumann J, Fünfstück T, Soliman A, Villringer A, Schroeter ML. Mapping the depressed brain: a meta-analysis of structural and functional alterations in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2012;140:142–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddock RJ, Buonocore MH. MR spectroscopic studies of the brain in psychiatric disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2014 [ Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Demougeot C, Marie C, Giroud M, Beley A. N-acetylaspartate: a literature review of animal research on brain ischaemia. J Neurochem 2004;90:776–83. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02583.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duijn JH, Matson GB, Maudsley AA, Hugg JW, Weiner MW. Human brain infarction: proton MR spectroscopy. Radiology 1992;183:711–8. doi: 10.1148/radiology.183.3.1584925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federico F, Simone IL, Lucivero V, Giannini P, Laddomada G, Mezzapesa DM, et al. Prognostic value of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol 1998;55:489–94. doi: 10.1001/archneur.55.4.489
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lanfermann H, Kugel H, Heindel W, Herholz K, Heiss WD, Lackner K. Metabolic changes in acute and subacute cerebral infarctions: findings at proton MR spectroscopic imaging. Radiology 1995;196:203–10. doi: 10.1148/radiology.196.1.7784568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malisza KL, Kozlowski P, Peeling J. A review of in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of cerebral ischemia in rats. Biochem Cell Biol 1998;76:487–96. doi: 10.1139/bcb-76-2-3-487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin JL, Bollard M, Nicholson JK, Bhakoo K. Spectral profiles of cultured neuronal and glial cells derived from HRMAS (1)H NMR spectroscopy. NMR Biomed 2002;15:375–84. doi: 10.1002/nbm.792
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auer DP, Pütz B, Kraft E, Lipinski B, Schill J, Holsboer F. Reduced glutamate in the anterior cingulate cortex in depression: an in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Biol Psychiatry 2000;47:305–13. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00159-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coupland NJ, Ogilvie CJ, Hegadoren KM, Seres P, Hanstock CC, Allen PS. Decreased prefrontal myo-inositol in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005;57:1526–34. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ende G, Braus DF, Walter S, Weber-Fahr W, Henn FA. The hippocampus in patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:937–43. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.57.10.937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber S, Frey R, Mlynárik V, Stadlbauer A, Heiden A, Kasper S, et al. Quantification of metabolic differences in the frontal brain of depressive patients and controls obtained by 1H-MRS at 3 Tesla. Invest Radiol 2003;38:403–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasler G, van der Veen JW, Tumonis T, Meyers N, Shen J, Drevets WC. Reduced prefrontal glutamate/glutamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid levels in major depression determined using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:193–200. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Järnum H, Eskildsen SF, Steffensen EG, Lundbye-Christensen S, Simonsen CW, Thomsen IS, et al. Longitudinal MRI study of cortical thickness, perfusion, and metabolite levels in major depressive disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011;124:435–46. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01766.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luykx JJ, Laban KG, van den Heuvel MP, Boks MP, Mandl RC, Kahn RS, et al. Region and state specific glutamate downregulation in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of (1)H-MRS findings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012;36:198–205. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.05.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirza Y, Tang J, Russell A, Banerjee SP, Bhandari R, Ivey J, et al. Reduced anterior cingulate cortex glutamatergic concentrations in childhood major depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;43:341–8. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200403000-00017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg DR, Macmaster FP, Mirza Y, Smith JM, Easter PC, Banerjee SP, et al. Reduced anterior cingulate glutamate in pediatric major depression: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Biol Psychiatry 2005;58:700–4. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.05.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaymak SU, Demir B, Oğuz KK, Sentürk S, Uluğ B. Antidepressant effect detected on proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in drug-naïve female patients with first-episode major depression. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009;63:350–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01951.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nery FG, Stanley JA, Chen HH, Hatch JP, Nicoletti MA, Monkul ES, et al. Normal metabolite levels in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of unmedicated major depressive disorder patients: a single voxel (1)H spectroscopy study. Psychiatry Res 2009;174:177–83. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block W, Träber F, von Widdern O, Metten M, Schild H, Maier W, et al. Proton MR spectroscopy of the hippocampus at 3T in patients with unipolar major depressive disorder: correlates and predictors of treatment response. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009;12:415–22. doi: 10.1017/S1461145708009516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caverzasi E, Pichiecchio A, Poloni GU, Calligaro A, Pasin M, Palesi F, et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the evaluation of treatment efficacy in unipolar major depressive disorder: a review of the literature. Funct Neurol 2012;27:13–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonul AS, Kitis O, Ozan E, Akdeniz F, Eker C, Eker OD, et al. The effect of antidepressant treatment on N-acetyl aspartate levels of medial frontal cortex in drug-free depressed patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006;30:120–5. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonawalla SB, Renshaw PF, Moore CM, Alpert JE, Nierenberg AA, Rosenbaum JF, et al. Compounds containing cytosolic choline in the basal ganglia: a potential biological marker of true drug response to fluoxetine. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1638–40. doi: 10.1176/ajp.156.10.1638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara RK, Able J, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Lindquist DM. Perinatal n-3 fatty acid deficiency selectively reduces myo-inositol levels in the adult rat PFC: an in vivo 1H-MRS study. J Lipid Res 2009;50:405–11. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M800382-JLR200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara RK, Jandacek R, Rider T, Tso P, Weber W, Chu W-J, et al. Low docosahexaenoic acid status is associated with reduced indices of cortical integrity in the anterior cingulate of healthy male children: a 1H MRS study. Nutr Neurosci 2013;16:183–90. doi: 10.1179/1476830512Y.0000000045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frangou S, Lewis M, Wollard J, Simmons A. Preliminary in vivo evidence of increased N-acetyl-aspartate following eicosapentanoic acid treatment in patients with bipolar disorder. J Psychopharmacol 2007;21:435–9. doi: 10.1177/0269881106067787
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geller B, Zimerman B, Williams M, Bolhofner K, Craney JL, DelBello MP, et al. Reliability of the Washington University in St. Louis Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (WASH-U-KSADS) mania and rapid cycling sections. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:450–5. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200104000-00014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crovitz HF, Zener K. A group-test for assessing hand- and eye-dominance. Am J Psychol 1962;75:271–6. doi: 10.2307/1419611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J-H, Garwood M, Menon R, Adriany G, Andersen P, Truwit CL, et al. High contrast and fast three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging at high fields. Magn Reson Med 1995;34:308–12. doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910340305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruetter R, Boesch C. Fast, noniterative shimming of spatially localized signals. In vivo analysis of the magnetic field along axes. J Magn Reson 1992;96:323–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tkac I, Staruck Z, Choi IY, Gruetter R. In vivo 1H NMR spectroscopy of rat brain at 1ms echo time. Magn Reson Med 1999;41:649–56. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199904)41:4<649::AID-MRM2>3.0.CO;2-G
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provencher S.W. Estimation of metabolite concentration from localized in vivo proton NMR spectra. Magn Reson Med 1993;30:672–9. doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910300604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetherington HP, Mason GF, Pan JW, Ponder SL, Vaughan JT, Twieg DB, et al. Evaluation of cerebral gray and white matter metabolite differences by spectroscopic imaging at 4.1T. Magn Reson Med 1994;32:565–71. doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910320504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorgi PJ, Hallowell EM, Hutchins HL, Sears B. Effects of an open-label pilot study with high-dose EPA/DHA concentrates on plasma phospholipids and behavior in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Nutr J 2007;6:16. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-6-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayes TL, Bernstein IH, Haley CL, Kennard BD, Emslie GJ. Psychometric properties of the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised in adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2010;20:513–6. doi: 10.1089/cap.2010.0063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poznanski EO, Cook SC, Carroll BJ, Corzo H. Use of the Children's Depression Rating Scale in an inpatient psychiatric population. J Clin Psychiatry 1983;44:200–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalfe LD, Schmitz AA, Pelka JR. Rapid preparation of fatty acid esters from lipids for gas chromatographic analysis. Anal Chem 1966;38:514–5. doi: 10.1021/ac60235a044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davanzo P, Thomas MA, Yue K, Oshiro T, Belin T, Strober M, et al. Decreased anterior cingulate myo-inositol/creatine spectroscopy resonance with lithium treatment in children with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001;24:359–69. doi: 10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00207-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davanzo P, Yue K, Thomas MA, Belin T, Mintz J, Venkatraman TN, et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of bipolar disorder versus intermittent explosive disorder in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1442–52. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.8.1442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel NC, Cecil KM, Strakowski SM, Adler CM, DelBello MP. Neurochemical alterations in adolescent bipolar depression: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy pilot study of the prefrontal cortex. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2008;18:623–7. doi: 10.1089/cap.2007.151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajkowska G, Hughes J, Stockmeier CA, Javier Miguel-Hidalgo J, Maciag D. Coverage of blood vessels by astrocytic endfeet is reduced in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2013;73:613–21. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.09.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajkowska G, Stockmeier CA. Astrocyte pathology in major depressive disorder: insights from human postmortem brain tissue. Curr Drug Targets 2013;14:1225–36. doi: 10.2174/13894501113149990156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sublette ME, Milak MS, Hibbeln JR, Freed PJ, Oquendo MA, Malone KM, et al. Plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and regional cerebral glucose metabolism in major depression. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009;80:57–64. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joardar A, Sen AK, Das S. Docosahexaenoic acid facilitates cell maturation and beta-adrenergic transmission in astrocytes. J Lipid Res 2006;47:571–81. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M500415-JLR200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pifferi F, Roux F, Langelier B, Alessandri JM, Vancassel S, Jouin M, et al. (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency reduces the expression of both isoforms of the brain glucose transporter GLUT1 in rats. J Nutr 2005;135:2241–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao D, Kevala K, Kim J, Moon HS, Jun SB, Lovinger D, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid promotes hippocampal neuronal development and synaptic function. J Neurochem 2009;111:510–21. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06335.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latour A, Grintal B, Champeil-Potokar G, Hennebelle M, Lavialle M, Dutar P, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids deficiency aggravates glutamatergic synapse and astroglial aging in the rat, hippocampal CA1. Aging Cell 2013;12:76–84. doi: 10.1111/acel.12026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira JD, Knorr L, Ganzella M, Thomazi AP, de Souza CG, de Souza DG, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids deprivation affects ontogeny of glutamatergic synapses in rats: relevance for behavior alterations. Neurochem Int 2010;56:753–9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.02.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar