Pathophysiology of non-specific arm pain

References

• Boocock MG, Collier JM, McNair PJ, Simmonds M, Larmer PJ, Armstrong B. A framework for the classification and diagnosis of work- related upper extremity conditions: systematic review. Sem Arthritis Rheum 2009;38:296–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington J, Carter J, Birrell L, Gromptez D. Surveillance case definitions for work related upper limb pain syndromes. Occup Environ Med 1998;55:264–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greening J, Lynn B. Vibration sense in the upper limbs of patients with RSI and at risk workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1998;71:29–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser B, van Dieen JH. Pathophysiology of upper extremity muscle disorders. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2006;16:1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson M, Kidd BL, Pearson RM, White PD. Chronic upper limb pain: an exploration of the biopsychosocial model. J Rheumatol 2005;32:118–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ring D, Guss D, Malhorta L, Jupiter JB. Idiopathic arm pain. J Bone Joint Surg 2004;86:1387–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sluiter J, Rest K, Frings-Dresen M. Criteria document for evaluating work relatedness of upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders. Scand J Work Environ Health 2001;27:1–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huisstede BM, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Koes BW, Verhaar JA. Incidence and prevalence of upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders. A systematic appraisal of the literature. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2006;7:7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker-Bone K, Palmer KT, Reading I, Coggon D, Cooper C. Prevalence and impact of musculoskeletal disorders or the upper limb in the general population. Arthritis Rheum 2004;51:642–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haanpää M, Attal N, Backonja M, Baron R, Bennett M, Bouhassira D, et al.. NeuPSIG guidelines on neuropathic pain assessment. Pain 2011;152:14–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merskey H, Bogduk N. Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Seattle, WA: IASP Press; 1994. p. 222.
   Google Scholar
• Treede R-D, Jensen TS, Campbell JN, Cruccu G, Dostrovsky JO, Griffin JW, et al.. Neuropathic pain: Redefinition and a grading system for clinical and research purposes. Neurology 2008;70:1630–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer A, Hall T, Briffa K. Classification of low back-related leg pain- A proposed patho-mechanism based approach. Man Ther 2009;14:222–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart KM, Blake C, Staines A, Doody C. Clinical indicators of ‘nociceptive’, ‘peripheral neuropathic’ and ‘central’ mechanisms of musculoskeletal pain. A Delphi survey of expert clinicians. Man Ther 2009;15:80–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen ML, Arroyo JF, Champion DG, Browne CD. In search of the pathogenesis of refractory cervicobrachial pain syndrome: a deconstruction of the RSI phenomenon. Med J Aus 1992;156:432–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jepsen JR, Laursen LH, Larsen AI, Hagert C-G. Manual strength testing in 14 upper limb muscles. A study of the inter-rater reliability. Acta Orthop Scand 2004;75:442–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jepsen JR, Thomsen G. A cross-sectional study of the relation between symptoms and physical findings in computer operators. BMC Neurol 2006;6:40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• England JD, Asbury AK. Peripheral neuropathy. Lancet 2004;363:2151–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett M. The LANSS Pain Scale: the Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs. Pain 2001;92:147–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slipman CW, Plastaras C, Patel R, Isaac Z, Chow D, Garvan C, et al.. Provocative cervical discography symptom mapping. Spine J 2005;5:381–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moriishi J, Otani K, Tanaka K, Inoue S. The intersegmental anastomoses between spinal nerve roots. Anat Rec 1989;224:110–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Novak CB, Mackinnon SE. Evaluation of nerve injury and nerve compression in the upper quadrant. Clin Plast Surg 2003;30:127–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jensen BR, Pilegaard M, Momsen A. Vibrotactile sense and mechanical functional state of the arm and hand among computer users compared with a control group. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2002;75:332–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rempel D, Dahlin L, Lundborg G. Pathophysiology of nerve compression syndromes: response of peripheral nerves to loading. J Bone Joint Surg 1999;81:1600–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackinnon SE. Pathophysiology of nerve compression. Hand Clinics 2002;18:231–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viikari-Juntura E, Silverstein B. Role of physical load factors in carpal tunnel syndrome. Scand J Work Environ Health 1999;25:163–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Llave-Rincon A, Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, Fernandez-Carnero J, Padua L, Arendt-Nielsen L, Pareja J. Increased forward head posture and restricted cervical range of motion in paients with carpal tunnel syndrome. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2009;9:658–64.
   Google Scholar
• Pascarelli EF, Hsu Y-P. Understanding work-related upper extremity disorders: clinical findings in 485 computer users, musicians, and others. J Occup Rehabil 2001;11:1–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greening J, Lynn B, Leary R. Sensory and autonomic function in the hands of patients with non-specific arm pain (NSAP) and asymptomatic office workers. Pain 2003;104:275–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greening J, Lynn B. Minor peripheral nerve injuries: an underestimated source of pain? Man Ther 1998;3:187–94.
   Google Scholar
• Greening J, Lynn B, Leary R, Warren L, O’Higgins P, Hall-Craggs M. The use of ultrasound imaging to demonstrate reduced movement of the median nerve during wrist flexion in patients with non-specific arm pain. J Hand Surg 2001;26:401–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greening J, Dilley A, Lynn B. In vivo study of nerve movement and mechanosensitivity of the median nerve in whiplash and non-specific arm pain patients. Pain 2005;115:248–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julius A, Lees R, Dilley A, Lynn B. Shoulder posture and median nerve sliding. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2004;5:23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keir PJ, Bach JM, Rempel DM. Effects of finger posture on carpal tunnel pressure during wrist motion. J Hand Surg 1998;23:1004–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keir PJ, Bach JM, Rempel DM. Fingertip loading and carpal tunnel pressure: differences between a pinching and a pressing task. J Orthop Res 1998;16:112–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta R, Steward O. Chronic nerve compression induces concurrent apoptosis and proliferation of schwann cells. J Comp Neurol 2003;461:174–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zusman M. Pain science and mobilisation of painful compressive neuropathies. Phys Ther Rev 2009;14:285–9.
   Google Scholar
• Bove GM, Light AR. The nervi nervorum:missing link for neuropathic pain? Pain forum 1997;6:181–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asbury AK, Fields HL. Pain due to peripheral nerve damage: an hypothesis. Neurology 1984;34:1587–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilley A, Lynn B, Pang SJ. Pressure and stretch mechanosensitivity of peripheral nerve fibres following local inflammation of the nerve trunk. Pain 2005;117:462–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliav E, Benoliel R, Tal M. Inflammation with no axonal damage of the rat saphenous nerve trunk induces ectopic discharge and mechanosensitivity in myelinated axons. Neurosci Lett 2001;311:49–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark BD, Barr AE, Safadi FF, Beitman L, Al-Shatti T, Amin M, et al.. Median nerve trauma in a rat model of work-related musculoskeletal disorder. J Neurotrauma 2003;20:681–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott MB, Barr AE, Clark BD, Wade CK, Barbe MF. Performance of a repetitive task by aged rats leads to median neuropathy and spinal cord inflammation with associated sensorimotor declines. Neuroscience 2010;170:929–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett MI, Attal N, Backonja MM, Baron R, Bouhassira D, Freynhagan R, et al.. Using screening tools to identify neuropathic pain. Pain 2007;127:199–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler DS. The sensitive nervous system. Adelaide: Noigroup Publications; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Hall T, Elvey RL. Nerve trunk pain: physical diagnosis and treatment. Man Ther 1999;4:63–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maitland G, Hengeveld E, Banks K, English K, Edwards B. Examination. In: , Maitland G, Hengeveld E, Banks K, English K, editors. Maitland’s vertebral manipulation. 6th ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001. p. 133–9.
   Google Scholar
• Elvey R. Physical evaluation of the peripheral nervous system in disorders of pain and dysfunction. J Hand Ther 1997;10:122–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shacklock MO. Clinical neurodynamics: a new system of musculoskeletal treatment. Edinburgh/New York: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Schmid AB, Brunner F, Luomajoki H, Held U, Bachmann LM, Kunzer S, et al.. Reliability of clinical tests to evaluate nerve function and mechanosensitivity of the upper limb peripheral nervous system. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2009;10:11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilegaard M, Jensen BR. An 18-month follow-up study on vibrotactile sense, muscle strength and symptoms in computer users with and without symptoms. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2005;78:486–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elvey RL, Quintner JL. A clinical study of RSI. Aust Fam Physician 1986;15:1312–4.
   Google Scholar
• Byng J. Overuse syndromes of the upper limb and the upper limb tension test: a comparison between patients, asymptomatic keyboard workers and asymptomatic non-keyboard workers. Man Ther 1997;2:157–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dilley A, Bove GM. Disruption of axoplasmic transport induces mechanical sensitivity in intact rat C-fibre nociceptor axons. J Physiol 2008;586:593–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilley A, Lynn B, Greening J, DeLeon N. Quantitative in vivo studies of median nerve sliding in respnse to wrist, elbow, shoulder and neck movements. Clin Biomech 2003;18:899–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilley A, Odeyinde S, Greening J, Lynn B. Longitudinal sliding of the median nerve in patients with non-specific arm pain. Man Ther 2008;13:536–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greening J. How inflammation and minor nerve injury contribute to pain in nerve root and peripheral neuropathies. In: , Boyling J D, Jull G A, editors. Grieve’s modern manual therapy: the vertebral column. 3rd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Sterling M. Testing for sensory hypersensitivity or central hyperexcitability associated wth cervical spine pain. J Manip Physiol Ther 2008;31:534–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jepsen JR. Upper limb neuropathy in computer operators? A clinical case study of 21 patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2004;5:26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson P, Backonja M, Bouhassira D. Usefulness and limitations of quantitative sensory testing: clinical and research application in neuropathic pain states. Pain 2007;129:256–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier P, M, Berde C, B, DiCanzio J, Zurakowski D, Sethna NF. Quantitative assessment of cutaneous thermal and vibration sensation and thermal pain detection thresholds in healthy children and adolescents. Muscle Nerve 2001;24:1339–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier C, Baron R, Tölle TR, Binder A, Birbaumer N, Birklein F, et al.. Quantitative sensory testing in the German Research Network on neuropathic pain (DFNS): somatosensory abnormalities in 1236 patients with difference neuropathic pain syndromes. Pain 2010;150:439–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laursen LH, Jepsen JR, Sjogaard G. Vibrotactile sense in patients with different upper limb disorders compared with a control group. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2006;79:593–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker AT, White PD, Kosek E, Pearson RM, Henderson M, Coldrick AR, et al.. Comparison of vibration perception thresholds in individuals with diffuse upper limb pain and carpal tunnel syndrome. Pain 2007;127:263–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston V, Jimmieson NL, Jull G, Souvlis T. Quantitative sensory measures distinguish office workers with varying levels of neck pain and disability. Pain 2008;137:257–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien A, Eliav E, Sterling M. Hypoesthesia occurs in acute whiplash irrespective of pain and disability levels and the presence of sensory hypersensitivity. Clin J Pain 2008;24:759–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien A, Eliav E, Sterling M. Whiplash (grade II) and cervical radiculopathy share a similar sensory presentation: An investigation using quantitative sensory testing. Clin J Pain 2008;24:595–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien A, Eliav E, Sterling M. Hypoaesthesia occurs with sensory hypersensitivity in chronic whiplash – further evidence of a neuropathic condition. Man Ther 2009;14:138–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling M, Pedler A. A neuropathic component is common in acute whiplash and associated with a more complex clinical presentation. Man Ther 2009;14:173–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leffler A-S, Hansson P, Kosek E. Somatosensory perception in patients suffering from long-term trapezius myalgia at the site overlying the most painful part of the muscle and in an area of pain referral. Eur J Pain 2003;7:267–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berglund B, Harju E-L, Kosek E, Lindblom U. Quantitative and qualitative perceptual analysis of cold dysesthesia and hyperalgesia in fibromyalgia. Pain 2002;96:177–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Medinaceli L, Hurpeau J-C, Merle M, Begorre H. Cold and post-traumatic pain: modeling of the peripheral nerve message. Biosystems 1997;43:145–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treede R-D. Peripheral and central mechanisms of cutaneous hyperalgesia. Prog Neurobiol 1992;38:397–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen PV, Sindrup SH, Jensen TS, Bach FW. Symptoms and signs in patients with suspected neuropathic pain. Pain 2004;110:461–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogduk N. Innervation and pain patterns of the cervical spine. In: , Grant R, ed, editor. Physical therapy of the cervical and thoracic spine. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2002. p. 61–72.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen R, Hystad T, Kvale A, Baerheim A. Quantitative sensory testing of patients with long lasting patellofemoral pain syndrome. Eur J Pain 2007;11:665–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calder KM, Stashuk DW, McLean L. Motor unit potential morphology differences in individuals with non-specific arm pain and lateral epicondylitis. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2008;5:34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calder KM, Gabriel DA, McLean L. Differences in EMG spike shape between individuals with and without non-specific arm pain. J Neurosci Methods 2009;178:148–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson B, Bjork J, Elert J, Lindman R, Gerdle B. Fibre type proportion and fibre size in trapezius biopsies from cleaners with and without myalgia and its correlation with ragged red fibres, cytochrome-c-oxidase-negative fibres, biomechanical output, perception of fatigue, and surface electromyography during repetitive forward flexions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2001;84:492–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson B, Bjork J, Henriksson K-G, Gerdle B, Lindman R. The prevalences of cytochrome c oxidase negative and superpositive fibres and ragged-red fibres in the trapezius muscle of female cleaners with and without myalgia and of female healthy controls. Pain 2000;84:379–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson B, Sogaard K, Rosendal L. Work related neck-shoulder pain: a review on magnitude, risk factors, biochemical changes, clinical picture and preventative interventions. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2007;21:447–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsman M, Kadefors R, Zhang Q, Birch L, Palmerud G. Motor-unitrecruitment in the trapezius muscle during arm movements and in VDU precision work. Int J Ind Ergon 1999;24:619–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagg GM, Astrom A. Load pattern and pressure pain threshold in the upper trapezius muscle and psychosocial factors in medical secretaries with and without shoulder neck disorders. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1997;69:423–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zennaro D, Laubli T, Hlemut K. Motor unit identification in two neighboring recording positions of the human trapezius during prolonged computer work. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003;89:526–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadefors R, Forsman M, Zoéga B, Herberts P. Recruitment of low threshold motor-units in the trapezius muscle in different static arm positions. Ergonomics 1999;42:359–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjors A, Larsson B, Dahlmann J, Falkmer T, Gerdle B. Physiological responses to low force work and psychosocial stress in women with chronic trapezius myalgia. BMC Musucloskelet Disord 2009;10:63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsman M, Hansson GA, Medbo L, Asterland P, Engström T. A method for evaluation of manual work using synchronised video recordings and physiological measurements. Appl Ergon 2002;33:533–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szeto GPY, Straker LM, O’Sullivan PB. A comparisom of symptomatic and asymptomatic office workers performing monotonous keyboard work-1: neck and shoulder muscle recruitment patterns. Man Ther 2005;10:270–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strom V, Roe C, Knardahl S. Work-induced pain, trapezius blood flux, and muscle activity in workers with chronic shoulder nad neck pain. Pain 2009;144:147–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson R, Cai H, Zhang Q, Oberg PA, Larsson SE. Visualization of chronic neck-shoulder pain: IMpaired microcirculation in the upper trapezius muscle in chronic cervico-brachial pain. Occup Med 1998;48:189–94.
   Google Scholar
• Barbe M, Barr A, Amin A, Gorzelany I, Gaughan J, Safadi F. Repetitive reaching and grasping causes motor decrements and systemic inflammation. J Orthop Res 2003;21:7–16.
   Google Scholar
• Barr A, Safadi F, Gorzelany I, Amin A, Popoff S, Barbe M. Highly repetitive, negligible force reaching in rates causes pathological overloading in upper extremity bones. J Bone Min Res 2003;18:2023–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott MB, Barr AE, Clark BD, Amin M, Amin S, Barbe MF. High force reaching task induces widespread inflammation, increased spinal cord neurochemical and neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2009;158:922–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coq JO, Barr AE, Strata F, Russier M, Kietrys DM, Merzenich MM, et al.. Peripheral and central changes combine to induce motor behavioral deficits in a moderate repetition task. Exp Neurol 2009;220:234–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carp SJ, Barbe MF, Winters KA, Amin A, Barr AE. Inflammatory biomarkers increase with severity of upper-extrenity overuse disorders. Clin Sci 2007;112:305–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerdle B, Hilgenfeldt U, Larsson B, Kristiansen J, Sogaard K, Rosendal L. Bradykinin and kallidin levels in the trapezius muscle in patients with work-related trapezius myalgia, in patients with whiplash associated pain, and in healthy controls – a microdialysis study of women. Pain 2008;139:578–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah KC, Rajshekhar V. Reliability of diagnosis of soft cervical disc prolapse using Spurling’s test. Br J Neurosurg 2004;18:480–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennet X, Fry HS. Overuse syndrome: a muscle biopsy study. Lancet 1988;1:905–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer RA, Campbell JN, Raja SN. Peripheral neural mechanisms of nociception. In: , Wall P D, Melzack R, editors. Textbook of pain. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1995. 13–44.
   Google Scholar
• Nijs J, Van Houdenhove B, Oostendorp RAB. Recognition of central sensitization in patients with musculoskeletal pain: application of pain neurophysiology in manual therapy practice. Man Ther 2010;15:135–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling M, Kenardy J. Physical and psychological aspects of whiplash: important consideration for primary care assessment. Man Ther 2008;13:93–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, de la Llave-Rincon A, Fernandez-Carnero J, Arendt-Nielsen L, Pareja JA. Bilateral widespread mechanical pain sensitivity in carpal tunnel syndrome: evidence of central processing in unilateral neuropathy. Brain 2009;132:1472–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanette G, Cacciatori C, Tamburin S. Central sensitzation in carpal tunnel syndrome with extraterritorial spread of sensory symptoms. Pain 2010;148:227–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Carnero J, Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, de la Lluve-Rincon A, Hy G, Arendt-Nielsen L, Zanette G. Widespread mechanical hypersensitivity as sign of central sensitisation in unilateral epicondylalgia: a blinded controlled study. Clin J Pain 2009;25:555–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medicine NRCatIo. Musculoskeletal disorders and the workplace: low back and upper extremities. Washington DC, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Macfarlane GJ, Hunt IM, Silman AJ. Role of mechanical and psychosocial factors in the onset of forearm pain: prospective population based study. BMJ 2000;321:1–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sim J, Lacey RJ, Lewis M. The imppact of workplace risk factors on the occurrence of neck and upper limb pain: a general population study. BMC Public Health 2006;6:234.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bongers PM, Kremer AM, ter Laak J. Are psychosocial factors, risk factors for symptoms and signs of the shoulder, elbow, or hand/wrist? A review of the epidemiological literature. Am J Ind Med 2002;41:315–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonde JP, Mikkelsen S, Andersen JH, Fallentin N, Baelum J, Svendsen SW, et al.. Understanding work related musculoskeletal pain: does repetitive work cause stress symptoms? Occup Environ Med 2005;62:41–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White PD, Henderson M, Pearson RM, Coldrick AR, White AG, Kidd BL. Illness behaviour and psychosocial factors in diffuse upper limb pain disorder: a case-control study. J Rheumtol 2003;30:139–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Eijsden-Besseling MDF, van Attekum A, de Bie RA, Staal JB. Pain catastrophizing and lower physical fitness in a sample of computer screen workers with early non-specific upper limb disorders: a case-control study. Ind Health 2010;48:818–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Eijsden-Besseling MDF, Peeters FPML, Reijen JAW, de Bie RA. Perfectionism and coping strategies as risk factors for the development of non-specific work-related upper limb disorders (WRULD). Occup Med 2004;54:122–7.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw WS, Feuerstein M, Lincoln AE, Miller VI, Wood PM. Ergonomic and psychosocial factors affect daily function in workers’ compensation claimants with persistent upper extremity disorders. J Occup Environ Med 2002;64:606–15.
   Google Scholar
• Rietveld S, van Beest I, Kamphuis JH. Stress-induced muscle effort as a cause of repetitive strain injury? Ergonomics 2007;50:2049–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar