Gait and increased body weight (potential implications for musculoskeletal disease)

References

• Tukker A, Visscher TL, Picavet HS. Overweight and health problems of the lower extremities: osteoarthritis, pain and disability. Public Health Nutr 2009;12:359–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wearing SC, Hennig EM, Byrne NM, Steele JR, Hills AP. The biomechanics of restricted movement in adult obesity. Obes Rev 2006;7:13–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Naimark A, Walker AM, Meenan RF. Obesity and knee osteoarthritis. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:18–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector TD, Hart DJ, Doyle DV. Incidence and progression of osteoarthritis in women with unilateral knee disease in the general population: the effect of obesity. Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53:565–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reijman M, Pols HA, Bergink AP, Hazes JM, Belo JN, Lievense AM, et al.. Body mass index associated with onset and progression of osteoarthritis of the knee but not of the hip: the Rotterdam Study. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:158–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks R. Obesity profiles with knee osteoarthritis: correlation with pain, disability, disease progression. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007;15:1867–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grotle M, Hagen KB, Natvig B, Dahl FA, Kvien TK. Prevalence and burden of osteoarthritis: results from a population survey in Norway. J Rheumatol 2008;35:677–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepper S, Hochberg MC. Factors associated with hip osteoarthritis: data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-1). Am J Epidemiol 1993;137:1081–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lievense AM, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Verhagen PA, Van Baar ME, Verhaar JS, Koes BW. Influence of obesity on the development of osteoarthritis of the hip: a systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:1155–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harms S, Larson R, Sahmoun AE, Beal JR. Obesity increases the likelihood of total joint replacement surgery among younger adults. Int Orthop 2007;31:23–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voigt LF, Koepsell TD, Nelson JL, Dugowson CE, Daling JR. Smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Epidemiology 1994;5:525–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symmons DP, Bankhead CR, Harrison BJ, Brennan P, Barrett EM, Scott DG, et al.. Blood transfusion, smoking, and obesity as risk factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Results from a primary care-based incident case-control study in Norfolk, England. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:1955–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symmons DP. Looking back: rheumatoid arthritis–aetiology, occurrence and mortality. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005;44(Suppl 4):14–7.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao LJ, Liu YJ, Liu PY, Hamilton J, Recker RR, Deng HW. Relationship of obesity with osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:1640–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor ED, Theim KR, Mirch MC, Ghorbani S, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Adler-Wailes DC, et al.. Orthopedic complications of overweight in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2006;117:2167–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manias K, McCabe D, Bishop N. Fractures and recurrent fractures in children: varying effects of environmental factors as well as bone size and mass. Bone 2006;39:652–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirtz TA, Greene L. Is obesity a risk factor for low back pain? An example of using the evidence to answer a clinical question. Chiropr Osteopat 2005;13:2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fransen M, Woodward M, Norton R, Coggan C, Dawe M, Sheridan N. Risk factors associated with the transition from acute to chronic occupational back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2002;27:92–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riddle DL, Pulisic M, Pidcoe P, Johnson RE. Risk factors for Plantar fasciitis: a matched case control study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003;85A:872–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irving DB, Cook JL, Young MA, Menz HB. Obesity and pronated foot type may increase the risk of chronic plantar heel pain: a matched case-control study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disord 2007;8:41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shbeeb MI, Matteson EL. Trochanteric bursitis (greater trochanter pain syndrome). Mayo Clin Proc 1996;71:565–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roubenoff R, Klag MJ, Mead LA, Liang K, Seidler AJ, Hochberg MC. Incidence and risk factors for gout in white men. JAMA 1991;266:3004–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper MM, Stellato TA, Hallowell PT, Seitz BA, Moskowitz RW. Musculoskeletal findings in obese subjects before and after weight loss following bariatric surgery. Int J Obes (Lond) 2007;31:114–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoff EM, Banffy MB, Winell JJ. Relationship between body mass index and slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop 2005;25:744–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia NN, Pirpiris M, Otsuka NY. Body mass index in patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis. J Pediatr Orthop 2006;26:197–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray AW, Wilson NIL. Changing incidence of slipped capital femoral epiphysis: a relationship with obesity? J Bone Joint Surg Br 2008;90B:92–4.
   Google Scholar
• Pirpiris M, Jackson KR, Farng E, Bowen RE, Otsuka NY. Body mass index and Blount disease. J Pediatr Orthop 2006;26:659–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott AC, Kelly CH, Sullivan E. Body mass index as a prognostic factor in development of infantile Blount disease. J Pediatr Orthop 2007;27:921–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabharwal S, Zhao C, McClemens E. Correlation of body mass index and radiographic deformities in children with Blount disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007;89:1275–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katz DA. Slipped capital femoral epiphysis: the importance of early diagnosis. Pediatr Ann 2006;35:102–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bewyer DC, Bewyer KJ. Rationale for treatment of hip abductor pain syndrome. Iowa Orthop J 2003;23:57–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Felson DT, Gale DR, Elon Gale M, Niu J, Hunter DJ, Goggins J, et al.. Osteophytes and progression of knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005;44:100–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson F, Leitl S, Waugh W. The distribution of load across the knee. A comparison of static and dynamic measurements. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1980;62B:346–9.
   Google Scholar
• Huang YC, Wang LY, Wang HC, Chang KL, Leong CP. The relationship between the flexible flatfoot and plantar fasciitis:ultrasonographic evaluation. Chang Gung Med J. 2004;27:443–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Messier SP, Pittala KA. Etiologic factors associated with selected running injuries. Med Sci Sport Exerc 1988;20:501–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly JE, Blair SN, Jakicic JM, Manore MM, Rankin JW, Smith BK. Appropriate physical activity intervention strategies for weight loss and prevention of weight regain for adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41:459–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattsson E, Larsson UE, Rössner S. Is walking for exercise too exhausting for obese women? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1997;21:380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulens M, Vansant G, Claessens AL, Lysens R, Muls E. Predictors of 6-minute walk test results in lean, obese and morbidly obese women. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2003;13:98–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hills AP, Hennig EM, Byrne NM, Steele JR. The biomechanics of adiposity — structural and functional limitations of obesity and implications for movement. Obes Rev 2002;3:35–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hills AP, Parker AW. Gait characteristics of obese children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991;72:403–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hills AP, Parker AW. Locomotor characteristics of obese children. Child Care Health Dev 1992;18:29–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spyropoulos P, Pisciotta JC, Pavlou KN, Cairns MA, Simon SR. Biomechanical gait analysis in obese men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991;72:1065–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Souza SA, Faintuch J, Valezi AC, Sant’Anna AF, Gama-Rodrigues JJ, de Batista Fonseca IC, et al.. Gait cinematic analysis in morbidly obese patients. Obes Surg 2005;15:1238–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vismara L, Romei M, Galli M, Montesano A, Baccalaro G, Crivellini M, et al.. Clinical implications of gait analysis in the rehabilitation of adult patients with ‘Prader-Willi’ syndrome: a cross-sectional comparative study (‘Prader-Willi’ syndrome vs matched obese patients and healthy subjects). J Neuro Engineering Rehabil 2007;4:14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai PP, Leung AK, Agnes NM, Zhang M. Three-dimensional gait analysis of obese adults. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2008;23(Suppl 1):S2–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ko S, Stenholm S, Ferrucci L. Characteristic gait patterns in older adults with obesity — results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Biomech 2010;43:1104–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz MH, Rozumalski A, Trost JP. The effect of walking speed on the gait of typically developing children. J Biomech 2008;41:1639–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hills AP, Parker AW. Gait characteristics of obese pre-pubertal children: effects of diet and exercise on parameters. Int J Rehabil Res 1991;14:348–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corbeil P. Increased risk for falling associated with obesity: mathematical modeling of postural control. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2001;9:126–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGraw B, McClenaghan BA, Williams HG, Dickerson J, Ward DS. Gait and postural stability in obese and nonobese prepubertal boys. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:484–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVita P, Hortobagyi T. Obesity is not associated with increased knee joint torque and power during level walking. J Biomech 2003;36:1355–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nantel J, Brochu M, Prince F. Locomotor strategies in obese and non-obese children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:1789–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browning RC, Kram R. Effects of obesity on the biomechanics of walking at different speeds. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:1632–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison SC, Durward BR, Watt GF, Donaldson MD. The influence of body mass on the temporal parameters of peripubescent gait. Gait Posture 2008;27:719–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diop M, Rahmani A, Belli A, Gautheron V, Geyssant A, Cottalorda J. Influence of speed variation and age on ground reaction forces and stride parameters of children’s normal gait. Int J Sports Med 2005;26:682–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolze H, Kuhtz-Buschbeck JP, Mondwurf C, Boczek-Funcke A, Johnk K, Deuschl G, et al.. Gait analysis during treadmill and overground locomotion in children and adults. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997;105:490–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Linden ML, Kerr AM, Hazlewood ME, Hillman SJ, Robb JE. Kinematic and kinetic gait characteristics of normal children walking at a range of clinically relevant speeds. J Pediatr Orthop 2002;22:800–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolze H, Klebe S, Petersen G, Raethjen J, Wenzelburger R, Witt K, et al.. Typical features of cerebellar ataxic gait. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;73:310–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal NA, Yack HJ, Khole P. Weight, rather than obesity distribution, explains peak external knee adduction moment during level gait. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2009;88:180–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gushue DL, Houck J, Lerner AL. Effects of childhood obesity on three-dimensional knee joint biomechanics during walking. J Pediatr Orthop 2005;25:763–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee M, Roan M, Smith B. An application of principal component analysis for lower body kinematics between loaded and unloaded walking. J Biomech 2009;42:2226–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shultz SP, Sitler MR, Tierney RT, Hillstrom HJ, Song J. Effects of pediatric obesity on joint kinematics and kinetics during 2 walking cadences. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009;90:2146–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan AG, Pulver AM, Collier DN, Williams DS. Sagittal and frontal plane joint mechanics throughout the stance phase of walking in adolescents who are obese. Gait Posture 2010;32:263–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lelas JL, Merriman GJ, Riley PO, Kerrigan DC. Predicting peak kinematic and kinetic parameters from gait speed. Gait Posture 2003;17:106–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stansfield BW, Hillman SJ, Hazlewood ME, Lawson AA, Mann AM, Loudon IR, et al.. Normalized speed, not age, characterizes ground reaction force patterns in 5-to 12-year-old children walking at self-selected speeds. J Pediatr Orthop 2001;21:395–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirtley C, Whittle MW, Jefferson RJ. Influence of walking speed on gait parameters. J Biomed Eng 1985;7:282–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richards JG. The measurement of human motion: a comparison of commercially available systems. Hum Mov Sci 1999;18:589–602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan AG, Auman NL, Collier DN, Williams DS. Frontal plane lower extremity biomechanics during walking in boys who are overweight versus healthy weight. Pediatr Phys Ther 2009;21:187–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi T, Yoshihara Y, Yamada H, Fujikawa K. Procollagen IIC-peptide as a marker for assessing mechanical risk factors of knee osteoarthritis: effect of obesity and varus alignment. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59:982–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitkow RB. External rotation contracture of the extended hip. A common phenomenon of infancy obscuring femoral neck anteversion and the most frequent cause of out-toeing gait in children. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1975;(110):139–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pintsaar A, Brynhildsen J, Tropp H. Postural corrections after standardised perturbations of single limb stance: effect of training and orthotic devices in patients with ankle instability. Br J Sports Med 1996;30:151–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serway RA, Jewett JW. Physics for scientists and engineers. Vol. 1c. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Brooks/Cole; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Chang A, Hayes K, Dunlop D, Song J, Hurwitz D, Cahue S, et al.. Hip abduction moment and protection against medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis progression. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3515–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shultz SP, Hills AP, Sitler MR, Hillstrom HJ. Body size and walking cadence affect lower extremity joint power in children’s gait. Gait Posture 2010;32:248–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar