Current design and performance of cold spray nozzles: experimental and numerical observations on deposition efficiency and particle velocity

References

• Toyserkani E., Khajepour A. and Corbin S. F.: ‘Laser cladding’; 2004, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brandt M., Sun S., Alam N., Bendeich P. and Bishop A.: ‘Laser cladding repair of turbine blades in power plants: from research to commercialization’, Int. Heat Treat. Surf. Eng., 2009, 3, 105–114.
   Google Scholar
• Sun S., Durandet Y. and Brandt M.: ‘Parametric investigation of pulsed Nd:YAG laser cladding of Stellite-6 on stainless steel’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2005, 194, 225–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partes K. and Sepold G.: ‘Modulation of power density distribution in time and space for high speed laser cladding’, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2008, 195, 27–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jendrzejewski R., Sliwinski G., Krawczuk M. and Ostachowicz W.: ‘Temperature and stress fields induced during laser cladding’, Comput. Struct., 2004, 82, 653–658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jendrzejewski R., Sliwinski G., Krawczuk M. and Ostachowicz W.: ‘Temperature and stress during laser cladding of double-layer coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2006, 201, 3328–3334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delette G., Laurencin J., Murer S. and Leguillon D. ‘Effect of residual stresses on the propagation of interface cracks between dissimilar brittle materials: contribution of two and three-dimensional analyses’, Eur. J. Mech. A, 2012, 35A, 97–110.
   Google Scholar
• Easter G.: ‘Thermal spraying – plasma, arc and flame spray technology’; 2008, Palm Springs, CA, Wexford College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gan J. A. and Berndt C. C.: ‘Design and manufacture of Nd–Fe–B thick coatings by the thermal spray process’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2011, 205, 4697–4704.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawłowski L.: ‘The science and engineering of thermal spray coatings’; 1995, New York, Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Wei Q., Yin Z. and Li H.: ‘Oxidation control in plasma spraying NiCrCoAlY coating’, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2012, 258, 5094–5099.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J. H., Kim M. C. and Park C. G.: ‘Evaluation of functionally graded thermal barrier coatings fabricated by detonation gun spray technique’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2003, 168, 275–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobolev V. V., Guilemany J. and Guilemany J. M.: ‘HVOF spraying: theory and applications’; 1997, London, The Institute of Materials.
   Google Scholar
• Li M. and Christofides P.D. ‘Computational study of particle in-flight behaviour in the HVOF thermal spray process’, Chem. Eng. Sci., 2006, 61, 6540–6552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuroda S., Watanabe M., Kim K. and Katanoda H. ‘Current status and future prospects on warm spray technology’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20, 653–676.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C.-J. and Yang G.-J.: ‘Relationships between feedstock structure, particle parameter, coating deposition, microstructure and properties for thermally sprayed conventional and nanostructured WC–Co’, Int. J. Refract. Met. Hard Mater., 2013, 39, 2–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkhimov A. P., Papyrin A. N., Kosarev V. F., Nesterovich N. I. and Shushpanov M. M.: ‘Gas-dynamic spraying method for applying a coating’, US Patent 5,302,414; WO9119016; EP0484533, year of priority (issued): 1990 (1994).
   Google Scholar
• Champagne V. K.: ‘The cold spray material deposition process: fundamentals and applications’; 2007, Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt T., Gartner F., Assadi H. and Kreye H.: ‘Development of a generalized parameter window for cold spray deposition’, Acta Mater., 2006, 54, 729–742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moridi A., Hassani-Gangaraj S. M. and Guagliano M.: ‘A hybrid approach to determine critical and erosion velocities in the cold spray process’, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2013, 273, 617–624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldbaum D., Shockley J. M., Chromik R. R., Rezaeian A., Yue S., Legoux J.-G. and Irissou E.: ‘The effect of deposition conditions on adhesion strength of Ti and Ti6Al4V cold spray splats’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2012, 21, (2), 288–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrocco T., Hussain T., McCartney D. G. and Shipway P. H.: ‘Corrosion performance of laser post-treated cold sprayed titanium coatings’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 24, (4), 909–917.
   Google Scholar
• Ang A. S. M., Berndt C. C. and Cheang P.: ‘Deposition effects of WC particle size on cold sprayed WC–Co coatings’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2011, 205, 3260–3267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao P.-H., Li C.-J., Yang G.-J., Li Y.-G. and Li C.-X.: ‘Influence of substrate hardness transition on built-up of nanostructured WC–12Co by cold spraying’, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2010, 256, 2263–2268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poza P., Múnez C. J., Garrido-Maneiro M. A., Vezzu S., Rech S. and Trentin A.: ‘Mechanical properties of Inconel 625 cold-sprayed coatings after laser remelting. Depth sensing indentation analysis’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2012, to be published. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.surfcoat.2012.03.018
   Google Scholar
• Zhou X. and Mohanty P.: ‘Electrochemical behavior of cold sprayed hydroxyapatite/titanium composite in Hanks solution’, Electrochim. Acta, 2012, 65, 134–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupoi R., Cockburn A., Bryan C., Sparkes M., Luo F. and O’Neill W.: ‘Hardfacing steel with nanostructured coatings of Stellite-6 by supersonic laser deposition’, Light Sci. Appl., 2012, 1, 1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sova A., Okunkova A., Grigoriev S. and Smurov I.: ‘Velocity of the particles accelerated by a cold spray micronozzle: experimental measurements and numerical simulation’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2013, 22, (1), 75–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupoi R. and O’Neill W.: ‘Powder stream characteristics in cold spray nozzles’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2011, 206, 1069–1076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabbara H., Gu S., McCartney D. G., Price T. S. and Shipway P. H.: ‘Study on process optimization of cold gas spraying’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 20, (3), 608–620.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S., Muddle B., Jahedi M. and Soria J.: ‘A numerical investigation of the cold spray process using underexpanded and overexpanded jets’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 2011, 21, (1), 108–120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattison J., Celotto S., Khan A. and O’Neill W.: ‘Standoff distance and bow shock phenomena in the Cold Spray process’, Surf. Coat. Technol., 2008, 202, 1443–1454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dykhuizen R. C. and Smith M. F.: ‘Gas dynamic principles of Cold Spray’, J. Therm. Spray Technol., 1998, 7, (2), 205–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samareh B. and Dolatabaldi A.: ‘Dense particulate flow in a cold gas dynamic spray system’, J. Fluids Eng. – Trans. ASME, 2008, 130, (8), 1–11.
   Google Scholar