Nettle Fibre: Its Prospects, Uses and Problems in Historical Perspective

References

• Jorgenson LBender, Prehistoric Scandinavian Textiles (Kobenhavn: Nordiske Oldskriftselskab, 1986), p. 290.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell T, Letters from the South, ii (London: Henry Colburn, 1837), p. 150.
   Google Scholar
• Registered File 5/N/2/M, Nettles for Miscellaneous Purposes, 1941–1952, Archives of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Reproduced by kind permission of the Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
   Google Scholar
• Registered file 5/N/2/2, Nettles for Plastics, July 1940–December 1943, Archives of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Reproduced by kind permission of the Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
   Google Scholar
• Edom G, ‘The use of nettle fibre in Japan’, Journal for Weavers, Spinners and Dyers, ccxiv (2005), pp. 15–18.
   Google Scholar
• Dunsmore S, Nepalese Nettles (London: British Museum Press, 1993).
   Google Scholar
• Easson LD, Long ENJ, ‘Pre-harvest retting of flax with glyphosate’, in , Sharma H S S, Van Sumere C F, ed eds, The Biology and Processing of Flax (Belfast: M. Publications, 1992), pp. 2132–2228; H. S. S. Sharma, P. C. Mercer and A. E. Brown, ‘A review of recent research on the retting of flax in Northern Ireland’, International Biodeterioration, xxv, no. 5 (1989), pp. 327–42; R. W. Kessler, U. Becker, R. Kohler and B. Goth, ‘Steam explosion of flax — a superior technique for upgrading fibre value’, Biomass & Bioenergy, xiv, no. 3 (1998), pp. 237–49; D. E. Akin, J. A. Foulk and R. B. Dodd, ‘Influence on flax fibres of components in enzyme retting formulations’, Textile Research Journal, lxxii, no. 6 (2002), pp. 510–14.
   Google Scholar
• Edom G, ‘Extraction and Evaluation of Nettle (Urtica dioica) Fibre for Textile End Uses’ (Unpublished MPhil thesis, De Montfort University, Leicester, 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Hald M, ‘The nettle as a culture plant’, Folkliv, vi (1942), pp. 28–49.
   Google Scholar
• Uddeholt A, Nässlor (Österåsen: Uddeholts Förlag, 1997).
   Google Scholar
• Bouché CB, Grothe H, Ramie, Rheea Chinagras und Nesselfaser (Berlin: Springer, 1884).
   Google Scholar
• Schiller I, The Solving of the Problem of the Stinging Nettle (Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew: Centre for Economic Botany Archives, 1916).
   Google Scholar
• Robson R, The Cotton Industry in Britain (London: Macmillan, 1957).
   Google Scholar
• STING, Sustainable Technology in Nettle Growing, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) LINK project LK0802, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Robson, The Cotton Industry.
   Google Scholar
• Elster J, Referat űber die Erfahrungen in der Gewinnung der Brennesselfaser u. ihre Spinnbarkeit (Adorf im Vogtland, Sachsen: Druck August Geilsdorf, 1920).
   Google Scholar
• Robson, The Cotton Industry.
   Google Scholar
• Grant J, ‘The cellulose problem in war-time’, Nature, no. 3694 (1940), pp. 219–23.
   Google Scholar
• Oakley FI, Irish and International Fibres and Fabrics Journal (September 1942), pp. 230–31.
   Google Scholar
• See note 4.
   Google Scholar
• Bredemann G, Die Grosse Brennessel Urtica dioica L. Forschungen uber ihren Anbau zur Fasergewinnung (Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1959).
   Google Scholar
• Notes for the Use of County Herb Committee Members and Others on the Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica), Broom tops (Cytisus scoparius) and Coltsfoot Leaf (Tussilago farfara), Leaflet No. 1 ([London]: Ministry of Supply, 1943).
   Google Scholar
• Hastings LH, ‘The botanic gardens at Kew and the wartime need for medicines’, The Pharmaceutical Journal, cclvii, 6923 (1996), pp. 923–2927; R. Milne and L. Hastings, ‘Home-spun solutions’, KEW (Spring 1998), pp. 10–11.
   Google Scholar
• Milne and Hastings, ‘Home-spun solutions’.
   Google Scholar
• See note 4.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Dreyer J, Dreyling G, Feldmann F, ‘Fibre nettle (Urtica dioica L.) as an industrial fibre crop for composites’, in H. Kopetz, T. Weber, W. Palz, P. Chartier and G. L. Ferrero eds, Biomass for Energy and Industry. 10th European Conference and Technology Exhibition, 8–11 June 1998 (Wurzburg, Germany: C.A.R.M.E.N., 1998), pp. 516–18.
   Google Scholar
• Dreyer J, Dreyling G, Feldmann F, ‘Cultivation of stinging nettle Urtica dioica L. with high fibre content as a raw material for the production of fibre and cellulose: qualitative and quantitative differentiation of ancient clones’, Angewandte Botanik, lxx (1996), pp. 28–39.
   Google Scholar
• FAIR-CT98-9615, ‘Nettle — reintroduction of stinging nettle cultivation as a sustainable raw material for the production of fibres and cellulose’ (Online, 2002). Available from: http://www.ienica. net/newsletters/newsletter15.pdf [Accessed: 26 January 2011].
   Google Scholar
• IENICA, ‘Report from the State of Austria’ (Online, 2004). Available from: http://www.ienica. net/reports/AUSTRIAupdate.pdf [Accessed: 26 January 2011].
   Google Scholar
• Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), A Strategy for Non-food Crops and Uses (London: Defra Publications, 2004).
   Google Scholar
• ELV, ‘Regulations’, (Online, 2003). Available from: http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2003/20032635.htm [Accessed: 26 January 2011].
   Google Scholar
• Hartl A, Vogl CR, ‘Dry matter and fiber yields, and the fiber characteristics of five nettle clones (Urtica dioica L.) organically grown in Austria for potential textile use’, American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, xvii, no. 4 (2002), pp. 195–200.
   Google Scholar
• See note 14.
   Google Scholar
• Hartl A, Vogl CR, ‘Production and processing of organically grown fiber nettle (Urtica dioica L.) and its potential use in the natural textile industry: a review’, American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, xviii, no. 3 (2003), pp. 119–28; J. Dreyer and G. Dreyling, ‘Potentials of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) as industrial fibre crop’, in Sustainable Agriculture for Food, Energy and Industry (London: James & James Science Publishers, 1998), pp. 1093–96.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid.
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe CR, ‘Economic value of the common stinging nettle’, Nature, no. 3794 (1942), p. 83.
   Google Scholar
• Dreyer J, Edom G, ‘Nettle’, in , Franck R R, ed ed., Bast and Other Plant Fibres (Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2000), pp. 331–43.
   Google Scholar
• Bacci L, Baronti S, Predieri S, di Virgilio N, ‘Fiber yield and quality of fiber nettle (Urtica dioica L.) cultivated in Italy’, Industrial Crops and Products, xxix, nos 2–3 (2008), pp. 480–84.
   Google Scholar
• Vetter A, Weiser P, Wurl G, Untersuchungen zum Anbau der Grossen Brennessel (Urtica dioica L.) und deren Eignung als Verstarkungsfaser fűr Kunstoffe, Abschluβbericht 2/1996 des Projekts Energie-und Industriepflanzen. Themen-Nr. 11·10·430 (Dornburg: Thűringer Landesanstalt fűr Landwirtschaft, 1996).
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler KGR, A Natural History of Nettles (Victoria, Canada: Trafford Publishing, 2004).
   Google Scholar
• Harwood J, Horne M, Waldron D, ‘Cultivating stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) for fibre production in the UK’, Aspects of Applied Biology, 101 (2010), pp. 133–38.
   Google Scholar
• See note 3.
   Google Scholar
• The Fibre Yearbook, A World Survey on Textile and Nonwovens Industry 2008/09, 9 (Pfäffikon: Oerlikon, 2009).
   Google Scholar