3,183
Views
35
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Preliminary ethnoarchaeological research on modern animal husbandry in Bestansur, Iraqi Kurdistan: Integrating animal, plant and environmental data

, , , &

References

  • Abdi, K. 2003. The early development of pastoralism in the Central Zagros mountains. Journal of World Prehistory 17, 395–448.
  • Albert, R. M., Bar-Yosef, O., Meignen, L. and Weiner, S. 2003. Quantitative phytolith study of hearths from the Natufian and Middle Palaeolithic levels of Hayonim Cave (Galilee, Israel). Journal of Archaeological Science 30, 461–80.
  • Albert, R. M., Shahack-Gross, R., Cabanes, D., Gilboa, A., Lev-Yandun, S., Portillo, M., Sharon, I., Boaretto, E. and Weiner, S. 2008. Phytolith rich layers from the Late Bronze Age and Iron Ages at Tell Dor (Israel): mode of formation and archaeological significance. Journal of Archaeological Science 35, 57–75.
  • Anderson, S. and Ertug-Yaras, F. 1998. Fuel fodder and faeces: an ethnographic and botanical study of dung fuel use in central Anatolia. Environmental Archaeology 1, 99–110.
  • Balasse, M. and Tresset, T. 2007. Environmental constraints on the reproductive activity of domestic sheep and cattle: what latitude for the herder? Anthropozoologica 42, 71–88.
  • Balasse, M., Ambrose, S., Smith, A. and Price, D. 2002a. The seasonal mobility model for prehistoric herders in the south-west Cape of South Africa assessed by isotopic analysis of sheep tooth enamel. Journal of Archaeological Science 29, 917–32.
  • Balasse, M., Stanley, A. H., Smith, A. B. and T. D., P. 2002b. The seasonal mobility model for prehistoric herders in the south-western cape of South Africa assessed by isotopic analysis of sheep tooth enamel. Journal of Archaeological Science 29, 917–32.
  • Balasse, M., Smith, A., Ambrose, S. and Leigh, S. 2003. Determining sheep birth seasonality by analysis of tooth enamel oxygen isotope ratios: the Late Stone Age site of Kasteelberg (South Africa). Journal of Archaeological Science 30, 205–15.
  • Bendrey, R. 2011. Some like it hot: environmental determinism and the pastoral economies of the later prehistoric Eurasian steppe. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 1, 1–16.
  • Bendrey, R., Whitlam, J., Elliott, S. and Martin, G. 2012. Chapter Eight: Modern Landscape Transect Sampling Programme in Matthews, R. and Matthews, W. (eds.), Excavations at Bestansur, Sulaimaniyah Province, Kurdistan Regional Government, Republic of Iraq 17th March–24th April 2012. Unpublished Central Zagros Archaeological Project Archive Report: 101–105.
  • Bendrey, R., Whitlam, J. and Elliott, S. 2013. Ethnoarchaeological research in Iraqi Kurdistan. Association for Environmental Archaeology Newsletter 122, 3–4.
  • Bendrey, R., Lepetz, S., Zazzo, A., Balasse, M., Turbat, T., Giscard, P.-H., Vella, D., Zaitseva, G. I., Chugunov, K. V., Ughetto, J., Debue, K. and Vigne, J.-D. in press. Nomads, horses and mobility: an assessment of geographic origins of Iron Age horses found at Tsengel Khairkhan and Baga Turgen Gol (Mongolian Altai) based on oxygen isotope compositions of tooth enamel in Mashkour, M. and Beech, M. (eds.), Proceedings of the 9th ASWA Conference, Al Ain. Oxford: Oxbow.
  • Birck, J. L. 1986. Precision K–Rb–Sr isotopic analysis – application to Rb–Sr chronology. Chemical Geology 56, 73–83.
  • Blaise, E. and Balasse, M. 2011. Seasonality and season of birth in modern and late Neolithic sheep from south-eastern France using tooth enamel δ18O analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 38, 3085–93.
  • Bogaard, A. 2004. Neolithic Farming in Central Europe: An Archaeobotanical Study of Crop Husbandry Practices. London: Routledge.
  • Bogaard, A. 2005. ‘Garden agriculture’ and the nature of early farming in Europe and the Near East. World Archaeology 37, 177–96.
  • Britton, K., Grimes, V., Dau, J. and Richards, M. P. 2009. Reconstructing faunal migrations using intra-tooth sampling and strontium and oxygen isotope analyses: a case study of modern caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti). Journal of Archaeological Science 36, 1163–72.
  • Brochier, J. E., Villa, P., Giacomarra, M. and Tagliacozzo, A. 1992. Shepherds and sediments: Geo-ethnoarchaeology of pastoral sites. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 11, 47–102.
  • Bull, I. D. and Evershed, R. P. 2012. Organic geochemical signatures of ancient manure use, pp. 31–77 in Jones, R. (ed.), Manure Matters. Historical, Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  • Bull, I. D., Simpson, I. A., Van Bergen, P. F. and Evershed, R. P. 1999. Muck‘n'molecules: organic geochemical methods for detecting ancient manuring. ANTIQUITY-OXFORD- 73, 86–96.
  • Bull, I. D., Lockheart, M. J., Elhmmali, M. M., Roberts, D. J. and Evershed, R. P. 2002. The origin of faeces by means of Biomarker Detection. Environment International 27, 647–54.
  • Canti, M. 1998. The Micromorphological Identification of Faecal Spherulites from Archaeological and Modern Materials. Journal of Archaeological Science 25, 435–44.
  • Canti, M. G. 1999. The production and preservation of faecal spherulites: animals, environment and taphonomy. Journal of Archaeological Science 26, 251–8.
  • Canti, M. G. 2003. Aspects of the chemical and microscopic characteristics of plant ashes found in archaeological soils. Catena 54, 339–61.
  • Charles, M. 1998. Fodder from dung: the recognition and interpretation of dung-derived plant material from archaeological sites. Environmental Archaeology: The Journal of Human Palaeoecology 1, 111–22.
  • Charles, M., Halstead, P. and Jones, G. 1998. The archaeology of fodder: introduction. Environmental Archaeology: The Journal of Human Palaeoecology, 1, i–ii.
  • Cribb, R. 1991. Nomads in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • David, N. and Kramer, C. 2001. Ethnoarchaeology in Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Dreslerová, D., Kočár, P., Chuman, T., Šefrna, L. and Poništiak, Š. 2013. Variety in cereal cultivation in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages in relation to environmental conditions. Journal of Archaeological Science 40, 1988–2000.
  • Elliott, S., Bendrey, R. and Rouf, K. 2013. Chapter eleven: ethnography of animal Husbandry, Bestansur, in Matthews, R. and Matthews, W. (eds.), Excavations at Bestansur, Sulaimaniyah Province, Kurdistan Regional Government, Republic of Iraq 21st March–24th April 2013. Unpublished Central Zagros Archaeological Project Archive Report: 85–92.
  • Evans, J. A., Chenery, C. A. and Fitzpatrick, A. P. 2006. Bronze Age childhood migration of individuals near Stonehenge, revealed by strontium and oxygen isotope tooth enamel analysis. Archaeometry 48, 309–21.
  • Forbes, H. 1998. European agriculture viewed bottom-side upwards: fodder: and forage-provision in a traditional Greek community. Environmental Archaeology 1, 19–34.
  • Forbes, H. 2012. Lost souls: ethnographic observations on manuring practices in a Mediterranian community, pp. 159–72 in Jones, R. (ed.), Manure Matters: Historical, Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Frahm, E. 2013. Validity of ‘off-the-shelf’ handheld portable XRF for sourcing Near Eastern obsidian chip debris. Journal of Archaeological Science 40, 1080–92.
  • Frahm, E. and Doonan, R. C. 2013. The technological versus methodological revolution of portable XRF in archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science 40, 1425–34.
  • Ghosh, R., Gupta, S., Bera, S., Jiang, H., Li, X. and Li, C. 2008. Ovi-caprid dung as an indicator of paleovegetation and paleoclimate in northwest China. Quaternary Research 70, 149–57.
  • Gilbert, A. S. 1983. On the origins of specialized nomadic pastoralism in western Iran. World Archaeology 15, 105–19.
  • Goodale, N., Bailey, D. G., Jones, G. T., Prescott, C., Scholz, E., Stagliano, N. and Lewis, C. 2012. pXRF: a study of inter-instrument performance. Journal of Archaeological Science 39, 875–83.
  • Haddad, R. H., Smoor, P. B., Basho, D. Y., Sarbaro, S. K., Al-Azzawi, A. L. and Damarchi, M. S. 1975. Ground Water Resources of Erbil Area. IARNR Technical Bulletin, 70, Baghdad, Iraq; Institute for Applied Research on Natural Resources.
  • Hall, A. and Kenward, H. 1998. Disentangling dung: pathways to stable manure. Environmental Archaeology 1, 123–6.
  • Halstead, P. and Tierney, J. 1998. Leafy hay: an ethnoarchaeological study in NW Greece. Environmental archaeology 1, 71–80.
  • Hamilakis, Y. and Anagnostoppoulos, A. 2009. What is Archaeological Ethnography? Public Archaeolaeology 8, 65–87.
  • Hayes, K. 2013. Parameters in the use of pXRF for archaeological site prospection: a case study at the Reaume Fort Site, Central Minnesota. Journal of Archaeological Science 40, 3193–211.
  • Henton, E. 2012. The combined use of oxygen isotopes and microwear in sheep teeth to elucidate seasonal management of domestic herds: the case study of Çatalhöyük, central Anatolia. Journal of Archaeological Science 39, 3264–76.
  • Henton, E., Meier-Augenstein, W. and Kemp, H. F. 2010. The use of oxygen isotopes in sheep molars to investigate past herding practices at the Neolithic settlement of Çatalhöyük, Central Anatolia. Archaeometry 52, 429–49.
  • Hole, F. 1978. Pastoral Nomadism in Western Iran, pp. 127–67 in Gould, R. A. (ed.), Explorations in Ethnoarchaeology. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
  • Holliday, V. T. 2004. Soils in Archaeological Research. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Holliday, V. T. and Gartner, W. G. 2007. Methods of soil P analysis in archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science 34, 301–33.
  • Jenkins, E. L. and Rosen, A. 2007. The phytoliths, pp. 429–36 in Finlayson, B. and Mithen, S. (eds.), The Early Prehistory of Wadi Faynan, Southern Jordan: Archaeological Survey of Wadis Faynan, Ghuwayr and Al-Bustan and Evaluation of the Pre-pottery Neolithic A Site of WF16. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
  • Jones, G. 1998. Distinguishing food from fodder in the archaeobotanical record. Environmental Archaeology 1, 95–8.
  • Jones, R. 2012a. Understanding Medieval Manure, pp. 145–58 in Jones, R. (ed.), Manure Matters. Historical, Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  • Jones, R. 2012b. Why Manure Matters, pp. 1–11 in: Jones, R. (ed.), Manure Matters. Historical, Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
  • Katz, O., Cabanes, D., Weiner, S., Maeir, A. M., Boaretto, E. and Shahack-Gross, R. 2010. Rapid phytolith extraction for analysis of phytolith concentrations and assemblages during an excavation: an application at Tell es-Safi/Gath, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 37, 1557–63.
  • Kenward, H. and Hall, A. 1997. Enhancing Bioarchaeological Interpretation using indicator groups: Stable manure as a Paradigm. Journal of Archaeological Science 24, 663–73.
  • Kramer, C. 1979. An archaeological view of a contemporary Kurdish village: domestic architecture, household size, and wealth, pp. 139–63 in Kramer, C. (ed.), Ethnoarchaeology: implications of Ethnography for Archaeology. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Kramer, C. 1982. Village Ethnoarchaeology: Rural Iran in Archaeological Perspective. New York: Academic Press.
  • Lancelotti, C. and Madella, M. 2012. The ‘invisible’ product: developing markers for identifying dung in archaeological contexts. Journal of Archaeological Science 38, 953–63.
  • Lioubimtseva, E. and Henebry, G. M. 2009. Climate and environmental change in arid Central Asia: Impacts, vulnerability, and adaptations. Journal of Arid Environments 73, 963–77.
  • London, G. 2000. Ethnoarchaeology and Interpretations of the Past. East Archaeology 63, 2.
  • Macphail, R. I. and Goldberg, P. 1985. Recent advances in micromorphological interpretations of soils and sediments from archaeological sites, pp. 1–24e in Barham, A. J. and Macphail, R. I. (eds.), Archaeological Sediments and Soils: Analysis, Interpretation and Management. London: Institute of Archaeology, University College London.
  • Macphail, R. I., Courty, M. A., Hather, J. and Wattez, J. 1997. The soil micromorphological evidence of domestic occupation and stabling activities, pp. 53–88 in Maggi, R. (ed.), Arene Candide: A Functional and Environmental Assessment of the Holocene sequences excavated by Bernado Brea (1940–1950). Umana: Meomorie dell Instituto di Paleontologia.
  • Macphail, R. I., Cruise, G. M., Allen, M. J., Linderholm, J. and Reynolds, P. 2004. Archaeological soil and pollen analysis of experimental floor deposits; with special reference to Butzer Ancient Farm, Hampshire, UK. Journal of Archaeological Science 31, 175–91.
  • Maran, A. and Stevanovic, Z. 2009. The Iraqi Kurdistan Environment: An Invitation to Discover, Belgrade, IK: Consulting Engineers, Ltd.
  • Mashkour, M., Bocherens, H. and Moussa, I. 2005. Long distance movement of sheep and goats of Bakhtiari nomads tracked with intra-tooth variations of stable isotopes (13C and 18O), pp. 113–124 in Davies, J., Fabiš, M., Mainland, I., Richards, M. and Thomas, R. (eds.), Diet and Health in Past Animal Populations: Current Research and Future Directions. Oxford: Oxbow books.
  • Matthews, W. 2005. Micromorphological and microstratigraphic traces of uses and concepts of space, pp. 355–98 in Hodder, I. (ed.), Inhabiting Çatalhöyük, Reports from the 1995–99 Seasons. Ankara: British Institute of Archaeology.
  • Matthews, W. 2008. Micro-contextual analysis of plant remains: study of human-environment inter-relationships in early agricultural and urban settlements in the Ancient Near East, pp. 143–55 in Kühne, H., Czichon, R. M. and Kreppner, F. J. (eds.), Volume 1: The Reconstruction of the Environment: Natural Resources and Human Interrelationships through Time. Art History: Visual Communication. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
  • Matthews, W. 2010. Geoarchaeology and taphonomy of plant remains and microarchaeological residues in early urban environments in the Ancient Near East. Quaternary International 214, 98–113.
  • Matthews, W. 2012. Chapter Four: Architecture, traces of activities and site formation processes, in Matthews, R. and Matthews, W. (eds.), Excavations at Bestansur and Shimshara, Sulaimaniyah Province, Kurdistan Regional Government, Republic of Iraq 18th August – 27th September 2012. Central Zagros Archaeological Project Archive Report: 19–28.
  • Matthews, W., French, C. A. I., Lawrence, T., Cutler, D. F. and Jones, M. K. 1997. Microstratigraphic traces of site formation processes and human activities. World Archaeology 29, 281–308.
  • Middleton, W. D. and Price, D. T. 1996. Identification of activity areas by multi-element characterization of sediments from modern and archaeological house floors using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. Journal of Archaeological Science 23(5): 673–687.
  • Miller, N. and Smart, T. L. 1984. Intentional Burning of Dung as a fuel: a mechanism for the incorporation of charred seeds into the archaeological record. Journal of Ethnobiology 4, 15–28.
  • Miller, N. F. 1996. Seed eaters of the ancient Near East: human or herbivore? Current Anthropology 37, 521–8.
  • Niton, T. S. 2014. General XRF Glossary. http://www.niton.com/en/portable-xrf-technology/xrf-glossary/general-xrf-glossary#16d368f8-37c4-4d21-a9c8-d34218f0361e [Online].
  • Parnell, J. J., Terry, R. E. and Golden, C. 2001. Using in – field phosphate testing to rapidly identify middens at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. Geoarchaeology 16, 855–73.
  • Porter, A. 2012. Mobile Pastoralism and the Formation of Near Eastern Civilizations: Weaving Together Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Portillo, M., Albert, R. and Henry, D. 2009. Domestic activities and spatial distribution in Ain Ab Nukhayla (Wadi Rum, Southern Jordan): The use of phytoliths and spherulites studies. Quaternary International 193, 174–83.
  • Portillo, M., Albert, R. M., Kadowak, S. and Nishiak, Y. 2010. Domestic activities at Early Neolithic Tell Seker al-Aheimar (Upper Khabur, Northeastern Syria) through phytoliths and spherulites studies, pp. 19–30 in Delhon, C., Théry-Parisot, I. and Thiébault, S. (eds.), Des hommes et des plantes: exploitation du milieu et gestion des ressources végétales de la Préhistoire à nos jours. Antibes: ADPCA.
  • Portillo, M., Valenzuela, S. and Albert, R. 2012. Domestic patterns in the Numidian site of Althiburos (northern Tunisia): The results from a combined study of animal bones, dung and plant remains. Quaternary International 275, 84–96.
  • Portillo, M., Kadowaki, S., Nishiaki, Y. and Albert, R. M. 2014. Early Neolithic household behavior at Tell Seker al-Aheimar (Upper Khabur, Syria): a comparison to ethnoarchaeological study of phytoliths and dung spherulites. Journal of Archaeological Science 42, 107–18.
  • Powers, A. H., Padmore, J. and Gilbertson, D. D. 1989. Studies of late prehistoric and modern opal phytoliths from coastal sand dunes and machair in Northwest Britain. Journal of Archaeological Science 16, 27–45.
  • Reddy, S. N. 1999. Fuelling the hearths in India: the role of dung in paleoethnobotanical interpretation. Paleorient 24, 61–70.
  • Roos, C. I. and Nolan, K. C. 2012. Phosphates, plowzones, and plazas: a minimally invasive approach to settlement structure of plowed village sites. Journal of Archaeological Science 39, 23–32.
  • Rosen, A. M., Savinetsky, A. B., Plakht, Y., Kisseleva, N. K., Khassanov, B. F., Pereladov, A. M. and Haiman, M. 2005. Dung in the desert: preliminary results of the Negev Holocene Ecology Project. Current Anthropology 46, 317–27.
  • Saed Ali, S. 2008. Geologija i hidrogeologija arazurpiramagrun basena u oblasti sulejmanije, severoistoèni irak. univerzitet u beogradu rudarsko-geoloki fakultet. Beograd. Available on-line: http://www.kurdistan-geology.com/PDF/Thesis/PhD%20thesis%20of%20Dr%20Salahaddin%20Saed%20Ali,%20hydrogeology%20of%20Sharazoor%20basin,%202008.pdf.
  • Shahack-Gross, R. 2011. Herbivorous livestock dung: formation, taphonomy, methods for identification, and archaeological significance. Journal of Archaeological Science 38, 205–18.
  • Shahack-Gross, R. and Finkelstein, I. 2008. Subsistence practices in an arid environment: a geoarchaeological investigation in an Iron Age site, the Negev Highlands, Israel. Journal of Archaeological Science 35, 965–82.
  • Shahack-Gross, R., Marshall, F. and Weiner, S. 2003. Geo-Ethnoarchaeology of Pastoral sites: the identification of livestock enclosures in Abandonned Maasai Settlements. Journal of Archaeological Science 30, 439–59.
  • Shahack-Gross, R., Marshall, F., Ryan, K. and Weiner, S. 2004. Reconstruction of spatial organization in abandoned Maasai settlements: implications for site structure in the Pastoral Neolithic of East Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 31, 1395–411.
  • Shahack-Gross, R., Albert, R., Gilboa, A., Nagar-Hilman, O., Sharon, I. and Weiner, S. 2005. Geoarchaeologi in an urban context: the uses of space in a Phoenician monumental building at Tell Dor (Israel). Journal of Archaeological Science 32, 1417–31.
  • Shillito, L.-M. 2013. Grains of Truth or transparent blindfolds? A review of current debates in archaeological phytolith analysis. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 22, 71–82.
  • Shillito, L.-M., Bull, I. D., Matthews, W., Almond, M. J., Williams, J. M. and Evershed, R. P. 2011a. Biomolecular and micromorphological analysis of suspected faecal deposits at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Turkey. Journal of Archaeological Science 38, 1869–77.
  • Shillito, L.-M., Bull, I. D., Matthews, W., Almond, M. J., Williams, J. M. and Evershed, R. P. 2011b. Biomolecular and micromorphological analysis of suspected faecal deposits at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Turkey. Journal of Archaeological Science 38, 1869–977.
  • Sillar, B. 1999. Dung by preference: the choice of fuel as an example of how Andean pottery production is embedded within wider technical, social and economic practices. Archaeometry, 42, 43–60.
  • Valamoti, S. M. 2013. Towards a distinction between digested and undigested glume bases in the archaeobotanical record from Neolithic northern Greece: a prelimimary experimental investigation. Environmental Archaeology 18, 31–42.
  • Varisco, D. 2012. Zibl and Zirā’a: Cominf to terms with manure in Arab Agriculture, pp. 129–43 in Jones, R. (ed.), Manure Matters. Historical, Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives. Farnham: Ashgate Publishers Limited.
  • Vitòria, L., Otero, N., Soler, A. and Canals, À. 2004. Fertilizer characterization: isotopic data (N, S, O, C, and Sr). Environmental Science Technology 38, 3254–62.
  • Vogl, C. R., Vogl-Lukasser, B. and Puri, R. K. 2004. Tools and methods for data collection in thnobotanical studies of homegardens. Field Methods 16, 285–306.
  • Wallace, M. and Charles, M. 2013. What goes in does not always come out: the impact of the ruminant digestive system of sheep on plant material, and its importance for the interpretation of dung-dervived archaeobotanical assemblages. Environmental Archaeology 18, 18–30.
  • Watson, P. J. 1979. Archaeological Ethnography in Western Iran. Tuscon: Univeristy of Arizona Press for the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Inc.
  • Wattez, J., Courty, M. A. and Macphail, R. I. 1990. Burnt organo-mineral deposits related to animal and human activities in Prehistoric caves, pp. 431–9 in Douglas, L. A. (ed.), Soil Micromorphology: A Basic and Applied Science. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Zimmermann, W. H. 1999. Why was cattle stalling introduced in Prehistory? The significance of byre and stabale and of outwintering, pp. 301–18 in Fabech, C. and Ringtved, J. (eds.), Settlement and Landscape. Proceedings of a Conference in Arthus, Denmark. Arthus: Jutland Archaeological Society.