648
Views
52
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Probiotics and clinical effects: is the number what counts?

, , , &
Pages 193-212 | Published online: 05 Nov 2013

References

  • BibelD. Elie Metchnikof’s bacillus of long life. ASM News. 1988;54:661–5.
  • TissierH. Recherches sur la flore intestinale normale et pathologique du nourrisson [dissertation]. Paris: University of Paris; 1900.
  • HooperLVMidtvedtTGordonJI. How host-microbial interactions shape the nutrient environment of the mammalian intestine. Annu Rev Nutr. 2002;22:283–307.
  • GuarnerF. Probiotics and chronic gastrointestinal disease. Prebiot Probiot Sci Technol. 2009;22:949–75.
  • HolzapfelWHHabererPSnelJSchillingerUHuis in’t VeldJH. Overview of gut flora and probiotics. Int J Food Microbiol. 1998;41:85–101.
  • SandersME. Probiotics: considerations for human health. Nutr Rev. 2003;61:91–9.
  • WilsonM. Microbial inhabitants of humans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2004.
  • MarteauPShanahanF. Basic aspects and pharmacology of probiotics: an overview of pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action and side-effects. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;17:725–40.
  • VesaTPochartPMarteauP. Pharmacokinetics of Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB 8826, Lactobacillus fermentum KLD, and Lactococcus lactis MG 1363 in the human gastrointestinal tract. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;14:823–8.
  • Donnet-HughesARochatFSerrantPAeschlimannJMSchiffrinEJ. Modulation of nonspecific mechanisms of defense by lactic acid bacteria: effective dose. J Dairy Sci. 1999;82(5):863–9.
  • ChristensenHRLarsenCNKaestelPRosholmLBSternbergCMichaelsenKF. Immunomodulating potential of supplementation with probiotics: a dose–response study in healthy young adults. FEMS Immunol Med Microb. 2006;47:380–90.
  • OozeerRLeplingardAMaterDDMogenetAMichelinRSeksekI. Survival of Lactobacillus casei in the human digestive tract after consumption of fermented milk. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72:5615–7.
  • VenturiAGionchettiPRizzelloFJohanssonRZucconiEBrigidiP. Impact on the composition of the faecal flora by a new probiotic preparation: preliminary data on maintenance treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;13:1103–8.
  • CzeruckaDDahanSMograbiBRossiBRampalP. Saccharomyces boulardii preserves the barrier function and modulates the signal transduction pathway induced in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-infected T84 cells. Infect Immun. 2000;68(10):5998–6004.
  • EzendamJvan LoverenH. Probiotics: immunomodulation and evaluation of safety and efficacy. Nutr Rev. 2006;64(1):1–14.
  • ServinAL. Antagonistic activities of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2004;28(4):405–40.
  • ServinALCoconnierMH. Adhesion of probiotic strains to the intestinal mucosa and interaction with pathogens. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;17(5):741–54.
  • CzeruckaDRampalP. Experimental effects of Saccharomyces boulardii on diarrheal pathogens. Microbes Infect. 2002;4(7):733–9.
  • BrandãoRLCastroIMBambirraEAAmaralSCFiettoLGTropiaMJ. Intracellular signal triggered by cholera toxin in Saccharomyces boulardii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64(2):564–8.
  • HelwigULammersKMRizzelloFRoehlederVCaramelliEGionchettiP. Lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and E. coli nissle induce pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:5978–86.
  • PagniniCSaeedRBamiasGArseneauKOPizarroTTCominelliF. Probiotics promote gut health through stimulation of epithelial innate immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010;107:454–9.
  • JobinC. Probiotics and ileitis: could augmentation of TNF/NFκB activity be the answer? Gut Microbes. 2010;1:196–9.
  • DaiCZhaoDHJiangM. VSL#3 probiotics regulate the intestinal epithelial barrier in vivo and in vitro via the p38 and ERK signaling pathways. Int J Mol Med. 2012;29:202–8.
  • SonnenburgJ.L. Chen CT, Gordon JI. Genomic and metabolic studies of the impact of probiotics on a model gut symbiont and host. Plos Biol. 2006;4:2213–26.
  • PranteraCScribanoML. Probiotics and Crohn’s disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2002;34(2):S66–7.
  • BousvarosAGuandaliniSBaldassanoRNBotelhoCEvansJFerryGD. A randomized, double-blind trial of Lactobacillus GG versus placebo in addition to standard maintenance therapy for children with Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis; 2005;11:833–9.
  • KuismaJMentulaSJarvinenHKahriASaxelinMFarkkilaM. Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on ileal pouch inflammation and microbial flora. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17:509–15.
  • ZoccoMADal VermeLZCremoniniFPiscagliaACNistaECCandelliM. Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:1567–74.
  • BaussermanMMichailS. The use of Lactobacillus GG in irritable bowel syndrome in children: a double-blind randomized control trial. J Pediatr. 2005;147(2):197–201.
  • GawronskaADziechciarzPHorvathASzajewskaH. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus GG for abdominal pain disorders in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;25:177–84.
  • SzajewskaHMrukowiczJZ. Use of probiotics in children with acute diarrhea. Paediatr Drugs. 2005;7:111–22.
  • KatariaJLiNWynnJLNeuJ. Probiotic microbes: do they need to be alive to be beneficial? Nutr Rev. 2009;67:546–50.
  • MiyauchiEMoritaHTanabeS. Lactobacillus rhamnosus alleviates intestinal barrier dysfunction in part by increasing expression of zonula occludens-1 and myosin light-chain kinase in vivo. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92(6):2400–8.
  • LiNRussellWMDouglas-EscobarMHauserNLopezMNeuJ. Live and heat-killed Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: effects on proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines in gastrostomy-fed infant rats. Pediatr Res. 2009;66(2):203–7.
  • RazaSGrahamSMAllenSJSultanaSCuevasLHartCA. Lactobacillus GG promotes recovery from acute nonbloody diarrhea in Pakistan. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1995;14(2):107–11.
  • McCartneyALWenzhiWTannockGW. Molecular analysis of the composition of the bifidobacterial and lactobacillus microflora of humans. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62:4608–13.
  • SazawalSHiremathGDhingraUMalikPDebSBlackRE. Efficacy of probiotics in prevention of acute diarrhoea: a meta-analysis of masked, randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6(6):374–82.
  • DubeyAPRajeshwariKChakravartyAFamularoG. Use of VSL#3 in the treatment of rotavirus diarrhea in children: preliminary results. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42 Suppl 3 Pt 1:S126–9.
  • HibberdPL. Probiotics for infections diarrhea and travel’s diarrhea — what do we really know? Prebiot Probiot Sci Technol. 2009;22:846–99.
  • AllenSJOkokoBMartinezEGregorioGDansLF. Probiotics for treating infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(2):CD003048.
  • van NielCWFeudtnerCGarrisonMMChristakisDA. Lactobacillus therapy for acute infectious diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2002;109:678–84.
  • GuandaliniSPensabeneLZikriMADiasJACasaliLBHoekstraH. Lactobacillus GG administered in oral rehydration solution to children with acute diarrhoea: a multicenter European trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;30(1):54–60.
  • GuarinoACananiRBSpagnuoloMIAlbanoFDi BenedettoL. Oral bacterial therapy reduces the duration of symptoms and viral excretion in children with mild diarrhoea. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1997;25(5):516–9.
  • IsolauriEKailaMMykkanenHLingWHSalminenS. Oral bacteriotherapy for viral gastroenteritis. Dig Dis Sci. 1994:39(12):2595–600.
  • SugitaTTogawaM. Efficacy of Lactobacillus preparation bioloactis powder in children with rotavirus enteritis. Jpn J Pediatr. 1994;47:2755–62.
  • AllenSJMartinezEGGregorioGVDansLF. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(11):CD003048.
  • RautanenTIsolauriESaloEVesikariT. Management of acute diarrhoea with low osmolarity oral rehydration solutions and Lactobacillus strain GG. Arch Dis Child. 1998;79(2):157–160.
  • JohnstonBCSupinaALOspinaMVohraS. Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(2):CD004827
  • JohnstonBCGoldenbergJZVandvikPOSunXGuyattGH. Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(11):CD004827.
  • RuszczyńskiMRadzikowskiASzajewskaH. Clinical trial: effectiveness of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (strains E/N, Oxy and Pen) in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28(1):154–61.
  • SzymanskiHArmaskaMKowalska-DuplagaKSzajewskaH. Bifidobacterium longum PL03, Lactobacillus rhamnosus KL53A, and Lactobacillus plantarum PL02 in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Digestion. 2008;78:13–7.
  • MerensteinDJFosterJD’AmicoF. A randomized clinical trial measuring the influence of kefir on antibiotic-associated diarrhea: the measuring the influence of Kefir (MILK) Study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163:750–4.
  • SzajewskaHAlbrechtPTopczewska-CabanekA. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial: effect of lactobacillus GG supplementation on Helicobacter pylori eradication rates and side effects during treatment in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;48:431–6.
  • VidelockEJCremoniniF. Meta-analysis: probiotics in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35:1355–69.
  • McFarlandLV. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(4):812–22.
  • HempelSNewberrySJMaherARWangZMilesJNShanmanR. Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012;307(18):1959–69.
  • GaoXWMubasherMFangCYReiferCMillerLE. Dose–response efficacy of a proprietary probiotic formula of Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and Lactobacillus casei LBC80R for antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea prophylaxis in adult patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:1636–41.
  • PillaiANelsonRL. Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD004611.
  • BorodyTJCampbellJ. Fecal microbiota transplantation: current status and future directions. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;5(6):653–5..
  • DeshpandeGRaoSPatoleSBulsaraM. Updated meta-analysis of probiotics for preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 2010;125:921–30.
  • LinHCSuBHChenACLinTWTsaiCHYehTF. Oral probiotics reduce the incidence and severity of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2005;115(1):1–4.
  • Bin-NunABromikerRWilschanskiMKaplanMRudenskyBCaplanM. Oral probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight neonates. J Pediatr. 2005;147:192–6.
  • LinHCHsuCHChenHLChungMyHsuJFLienRI. Oral probiotics prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight preterm infants: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2008;122(4):693–700.
  • StratikiZCostalosCSevastiadouSKastanidouOSkouroliakouMGiakoumatouA. The effect of a bifidobacter supplemented bovine milk on intestinal permeability of preterm infants. Early Hum Dev. 2007;83(9):575–9.
  • RougéCPiloquetHButelMJBergerBRochatFFerrarisL. Oral supplementation with probiotics in very low-birth-weight preterm infants: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(6):1828–35.
  • ManzoniPRinaldiMCattaniSPugniLRomeoMGMessnerH. Bovine lactoferrin supplementation for prevention of late-onset sepsis in very low-birth-weight neonates: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2009;302:1421–8.
  • BragaTDPontes da SilvaGACabral de LiraPIde Carvalho LimaM. Efficacy of Bifidobacterium breve and Lactobacillus casei oral supplementation on necrotizing enterocolitis in very-low-birth-weight preterm infants: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;93(1):81–6.
  • MihatschWABraeggerCPDecsiTKolacekSLanzingerHMayerB. Critical systematic review of the level of evidence for routine use of probiotics for reduction of mortality and prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis in preterm infants. Clin Nutr. 2012;31:6–15.
  • DeshpandeGCRaoSCKeilADPatoleSK. Evidence-based guidelines for use of probiotics in preterm neonates. BMC Med. 2011;9:92.
  • AlFalehKAnabreesJBasslerDAl-KharfiT. Probiotics for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(3):CD005496.
  • MowatCColeAWindsorAAhmadTArnottIDriscollR.; on behalf of the IBD Section of the British Society of Gastroenterology. Guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut. 2011;60(5):571–607.
  • MieleEPascarellaFGiannettiEQuagliettaLBaldassanoRNStaianoA. Effect of a probiotic preparation (VSL#3) on induction and maintenance of remission in children with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:437–43.
  • HuynhHQdeBruynJGuanLDiazHLiMGirgisS. Probiotic preparation (VSL#3) induces remission in children with mild to moderate acute ulcerative colitis: a pilote study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15:760–8.
  • SoodAMidhaVMakhariaGKAhujaVSingalDGoswamiP. The probiotic preparation, VSL#3 induces remission in patients with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:1202–9.
  • TursiABrandimarteGPapaAGiglioAEliseiWGiorgettiGM. Treatment of relapsing mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis with the probiotic VSL#3 as adjunctive to a standard pharmaceutical treatment: a double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(10):2218–27.
  • GionchettiPRizzelloFVenturiABrigidiPMatteuzziDBazzocchiG. Oral bacteriotherapy as maintenance treatment in patients with chronic pouchitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2000;119:305–9.
  • MimuraTRizzelloFHelwigUPoggioliGSchreiberSTalbotIC. Once daily high dose probiotic therapy (VSL#3) for maintaining remission in recurrent or refractory pouchitis. Gut. 2004;53:108–14.
  • GionchettiPRizzelloFHelwigUVenturiALammersKMBrigidiP. Prophylaxis of pouchitis onset with probiotic therapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2003;124:1202–9.
  • GosselinkMPSchoutenWRvan LieshoutLMHopWCLamanJDRuseler-van EmbdenJG. Delay of the first onset of pouchitis by oral intake of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47(6):876–84.
  • PranteraCScribanoMLFalascoGAndreoliALuziC. Ineffectiveness of probiotics in preventing recurrence after curative resection for Crohn’s disease: a randomised controlled trial with Lactobacillus GG. Gut. 2002;51:405–9.
  • MarteauPLémannMSeksikPLaharieDColombelJFBouhnikY. Ineffectiveness of Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1 for prophylaxis of postoperative recurrence in Crohn’s disease: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled GETAID trial. Gut. 2006;55(6):842–7.
  • SchultzMTimmerAHerfarthHHSartorRBVanderhoofJARathHC. Lactobacillus GG in inducing and maintaining remission of Crohn’s disease. BMC Gastroenterol. 2004;4:5.
  • CampieriMRizzelloFVenturiA. Combination of antibiotic and probiotic treatment is efficacious in prophylaxis of post-operative recurrence of Crohn’s disease: a randomised controlled study vs mesalamine. Gastroenterology. 2000;118:A4179.
  • NobaekSJohanssonMLMolinGAhrneSJeppssonB. Alteration of intestinal microflora is associated with reduction in abdominal bloating and pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:1231–8.
  • NiedzielinKKordeckiHBirkenfeldB. A controlled, doubleblind, randomized study on the efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;13:1143–7.
  • HalpernGMPrindivilleTBlankenburgMHsiaTGershwinME. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with Lacteol Fort: a randomized, double-blind, cross over trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996;91:1579–85.
  • O’MahonyLMccarthyJKellyPHurleyGLuoFChenK. Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome: symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(3):541–51.
  • GuarnerFKhanACGarischJEliakimRGanglAThomsonA. WGO Practice Guideline probiotics and prebiotics. Milwaukee, WI: WGO; 2008.
  • American College of Gastroenterology. An evidence-based systematic review on the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:S1–35.
  • McFarlandLVDublinS. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:2650–61.
  • NICE clinical guideline 61: Irritable bowel syndrome in adults. 2008. London: NICE. Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/ Accessed date : April 5, 2012.
  • WhorwellPJAltringerLMorelJBondYCharbonneauDO’MahonyL. Efficacy of an encapsulated probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(7):1581–90.
  • KajanderKHatakkaKPoussaTFarkkilaMKorpelaR. A probiotic mixture alleviates symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome patients: a controlled 6-month intervention. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22:387–94.
  • BoyleRJBath-HextallFJLeonardi-BeeJMurrellDFTangML. Probiotics for treating eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD006135.
  • KocourkováIZádníkováaRZižkabJRosovácV. Effect of oral application of a probiotic E. coli strain on the intestinal microflora of children of allergic mothers during the first year of life. Folia Microbiol. 2007;52:189–93.
  • WickensKBlackPNStanleyTVMitchellEFitzharrisPTannockGW. Probiotic Study Group. A differential effect of 2 probiotics in the prevention of eczema and atopy: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:788–94.
  • KalliomäkiMSalminenSArvilommiHKeroPKoskinenPIsolauriE. Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;357(9262):1076–9.
  • KalliomäkiMSalminenSPoussaTArvilommiHIsolauriE. Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease: 4-year follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9372):1869–71.
  • KalliomäkiMSalminenSPoussaTIsolauriE. Probiotics during the first 7 years of life: a cumulative risk reduction of eczema in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:1019–21.
  • KoppMVGoldsteinMDietschekASofkeJHeinzmannAUrbanekR. Lactobacillus GG has in vitro effects on enhanced interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma release of mononuclear cells but no in vivo effects in supplemented mothers and their neonates. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38:602–10.
  • RautavaSArvilommiHIsolauriE. Specific probiotics in enhancing maturation of IgA responses in formula-fed infants. Pediatr Res. 2006;60(2):221–4.
  • SohSEAwMGerezIChongYSRauffMNgYP. Probiotic supplementation in the first 6 months of life in at risk Asian infants — effects on eczema and atopic sensitization at the age of 1 year. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009;39(4):571–8.
  • HuurreAKalliomäkiMRautavaSRinneMSalminenSIsolauriE. Mode of delivery — effects on gut microbiota and humoral immunity. Neonatology. 2008;93(4):236–40.
  • KuitunenMKukkonenKJuntunen-BackmanKKorpelaRPoussaTTuureT. Probiotics prevent IgE-associated allergy until age 5 years in cesarean-delivered children but not in the total cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123(2):335–41.
  • WestCEHammarströmMLHernellO. Probiotics during weaning reduce the incidence of eczema. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2009;20(5):430–7.
  • AbrahamssonTRJakobssonTBöttcherMFFredriksonMJenmalmMCBjörksténB. Probiotics in prevention of IgE-associated eczema: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:1174–80.
  • SchiffrinEJRochatFLink-AmsterHAeschlimannJMDonnet-HughesA. Immunomodulation of human blood cells following the ingestion of lactic acid bacteria. J Dairy Sci. 1995;78:491–7.
  • ParraMDMartinez de MorentinBECoboJMMateosAMartinezJA. Daily ingestion of fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei DN114001 improves innate-defense capacity in healthy middle-aged people. J Physiol Biochem. 2004;60:85–91.
  • OlivaresMDiaz-RoperoMPGomezNLara-VillosladaFSierraSMaldonadoJA. The consumption of two new probiotic strains, Lactobacillus gasseri CECT 5714 and Lactobacillus coryniformis CECT 5711, boosts the immune system of healthy humans. Int Microbiol. 2006;9:47–52.
  • de VreseMWinklerPRautenbergPHarderTNoahCLaueC. Probiotic bacteria reduced duration and severity but not the incidence of common cold episodes in a double blind, randomized, controlled trial. Vaccine. 2006;24(44–46):6670–74.
  • WinklerPde VreseMLaueChSchrezenmeirJ. Effect of a dietary supplement containing probiotic bacteria plus vitamins and minerals on common cold infections and cellular immune parameters. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005;43:318–26.
  • LinJSChiuYHLinNTChuCHHuangKCLiaoKW. Different effects of probiotic species/strains on infections in preschool children: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Vaccine. 2009;27(7):1073–9.
  • BiagiECandelaMFairweather-TaitSFranceschiCBrigidiP. Ageing of the human metaorganism: the microbial counterpart. Age (Dordr). 2012;34(1):247–67.
  • BartoschSFiteAMacfarlaneGTMcMurdoME. Characterization of bacterial communities in feces from healthy elderly volunteers and hospitalized elderly patients by using real-time PCR and effects of antibiotic treatment on the fecal microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70:3575–81.
  • WoodmanseyEJ. Intestinal bacteria and aging. J Appl Microbiol. 2007;102:1178–86.
  • FranceschiCMontiDSansoniPCossarizzaL. The immunology of individuals: the lesson of centenarians. Immunol Today. 1995;16:12–6.
  • GoodwinJS. Decreased immunity and increased morbidity in the elderly. Nutr Rev. 1995;53:S41–5.
  • GillHSRutherfurdKJ. Viability and dose-response studies on the effects of the immunoenhancing lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus in mice. Br J Nutr. 2001;86:285–9.
  • ArunachalamKGillHSChandraRK. Enhancement of natural immune function by dietary consumption of Bifidobacterium lactis (HN019). Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54:263–7.
  • SheihYHChiangBLWangLHLiaoCKGillHS. Systemic immunity-enhancing effects in healthy subjects following dietary consumption of the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20:149–56.
  • IbrahimFRuvioSGranlundLSalminenSViitanenMOuwehandAC. Probiotics and immunosenescence: cheese as a carrier. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2010;59(1):53–9.
  • MikelsaarMZilmerM. Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 — an antimicrobial and antioxidative probiotic. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2009;21(1):1–27.
  • PlummerSWeaverMAHarrisJCDeePHunterJ. Clostridium difficile pilot study: effects of probiotic supplementation on the incidence of C. difficile diarrhoea. Int Microbiol. 2004;7:59–62.
  • ZaharoniHRimonEVardiHFrigerMBolotinAShaharDR. Probiotics improve bowel movements in hospitalized elderly patients — the PROAGE study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2011;15(3):215–20.
  • HatakkaKAholaAJYli-KnuuttilaHRichardsonMPoussaTMeurmanJH. Probiotics reduce the prevalence of oral Candida in the elderly — a randomized controlled trial. J Dent Res. 2007;86:125–30.
  • JohanssonMLMolinGJeppssonBNobaekSAhrnéSBengmarkS. Administration of different Lactobacillus strains in fermented oatmeal soup: in vivo colonization of human intestinal mucosa and effect on the indigenous flora. Appl Environ Microb. 1993;59:15–20.
  • FirmesseOMogenetABressonJLCorthierGFuretJP. Lactobacillus rhamnosus R11 consumed in a food supplement survived human digestive transit without modifying microbiota equilibrium as assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 2008;14(1–3):90–9.
  • DommelsYEKempermanRAZebregsYEDraaismaRBJolAWolversDA. Survival of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in the human gastrointestinal tract with daily consumption of a low-fat probiotic spread. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75:6198–204.
  • GianottiLMorelliLGalbiatiFRocchettiSCoppolaSBeneduceA. A randomized double-blind trial on perioperative administration of probiotics in colorectal cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(2):167–75.
  • LarsenCNNielsenSKaestelPBrockmannEBennedsenMChristensenHR. Dose–response study of probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis BB-12 and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp paracasei CRL-341 in healthy young adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60:1284–93.
  • SullivanABennetRViitanenMPalmgrenACNordCE. Influence of Lactobacillus F19 on intestinal microflora in children and elderly persons and impact on Helicobacter pylori infections. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2002;14(1):17–21.
  • CollinsJKDunneCMurphyLMorrisseyDO’MahonyLO’SullivanE. A randomized controlled trial of a probiotic Lactobacillus strain in healthy adults: assessment of its delivery, transit and influence on microbial flora and enteric immunity. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 2002;14:81–9.
  • PochartPMarteauPBouhnikYGoderelIBourliouxPRambaudJC. Survival of bifidobacteria ingested via fermented milk during their passage through the human small intestine: an in vivo using intestinal perfusion. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55:78–80.
  • PochartPDewitODesjeuxJFBourliouxP. Viable starter culture, beta-galactosidase activity, and lactose in duodenum after yogurt ingestion in lactase-deficient humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;49(5):828–31.
  • BlehautHMassotJElmerGWLevyRH. Disposition kinetics of Saccharomyces boulardii in man and rat. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 1989;10:353–64.
  • McFarlandLVBernasconiP. Saccharomyces boulardii: a review of an innovative bioterapeutic agent. Microb Ecol Health Dis. 1993;6:157–71.
  • VanderhoofJAWhitneyDBAntonsonDLHannerTLLupoJVYoungRJ. Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children. J Pediatr. 1999;135(5):564–8.
  • ArvolaTLaihoKTorkkeliSMykkanenHSalminenSMaunulaL. Prophylactic Lactobacillus GG reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children with respiratory infections: a randomized study. Pediatrics. 1999;104(5):e64
  • LaRosaMBottaroGGulinoNGambuzzaFDi FortiFIniG. Prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea with Lactobacillus sporogens and fructo-oligosaccharides in children: a multicentric double-blind vs placebo study. Minerva Pediatr. 2003;55(5):447–52.
  • BenhamouPHBerlierPDanjouGPliqueOJessueldDDuPontC. Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children: a computer monitored double-blind outpatients trial comparing a protective and a probiotic agent. Med Chir Dig. 1999;28(4):163–8.
  • ErdeveOTirasUDallarY. The probiotic effect of Saccharomyces boulardii in a pediatric age group. J Trop Pediatr. 2004;50(4):234–6.
  • KotowskaMAlbrechtPSzajewskaH. Saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Alimentar Pharmacol Ther. 2005;21:583–90.
  • ContardiI. Oral bacteria therapy in prevention of antibiotic-induced diarrhea in childhood. Clin Ter. 1991;136(6):409–13.
  • CorreaNBPeret FilhoLAPennaFJLimaFMNicoliJR. A randomized formula controlled trial of Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus for prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in infants. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;39(5):385–9.
  • TankanowRMRossMBErtelIJDickinsonDGMcCormickLSGarfinkelJF. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of Lactinex in the prophylaxis of amoxicillin-induced diarrhea. DICP. 1990;24(4):382–4.
  • HuangJSBousvarosALeeJWDiazADavidsonEJ. Efficacy of probiotic use in acute diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2002;47:2625–34.
  • SzajewskaHMrukowiczJZ. Probiotics in the treatment and prevention of acute infectious diarrhea in infants and children: a systematic review of published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;33(Suppl 2):S17–25.
  • StansbridgeEMWalkerVHallMASmithSLMillarMRBaconC. Effects of feeding premature neonates with Lactobacillus GG on gut fermentation. Arch Dis Child. 1993;69:488–92.
  • MillarMRBaconCSmithSLWalkerVHallMA. Enteral feeding of premature neonates with Lactobacillus GG. Arch Dis Child. 1993;69:483–7.
  • KitajimaHSumidaYTanakaRYukiNTakayamaHFujimuraM. Early administration of Bifidobacterium breve to preterm neonates: randomised control trial. Arch Dis Child. 1997;76:F101–7.
  • CostalosCSkouteriVGounarisASevastiadouSTriandafilidouAEkonomidouC. Enteral feeding of premature neonates with Saccharomyces boulardii. Early Hum Dev. 2003;74:89–96.
  • ManzoniPMostertMLeonessaMLPrioloCFarinaDMonettiC. Oral supplementation with Lactobacillus casei subspecies rhamnosus prevents enteric colonisation by Candida species in preterm neonates: a randomised study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42:1735–42.
  • MohanRKoebnickCSchildtJSchmidtSMuellerMPossnerM. Effects of Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 supplementation on intestinal microbiota of preterm neonates: a double placebo controlled, randomised study. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:4025–31.
  • SariFNDizdarEAOguzSErdeveOUrasNDilmenU. Oral probiotics: Lactobacillus sporogenes for prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in very low-birth weight infants: a randomized, controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011;65:434–9.
  • IshikawaHAkedoIUmesakiYTanakaRImaokaAOtaniT. Randomized controlled trial of the effect of bifidobacteria-fermented milk on ulcerative colitis. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003;22:56–63.
  • KatoKMizunoSUmesakiYIshiiYSugitaniMImaokaA. Randomized placebo-controlled trial assessing the effect of bifidobacteria-fermented milk on active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:1133–41.
  • TursiABrandimarteGGiorgettiGMFortiGModeoMEGigliobiancoA. Low-dose balsalazide plus a high-potency probiotic preparation is more effective than balsalazide alone or mesalazine in the treatment of acute mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. Med Sci Monit. 2004;10: PI126–31.
  • BibiloniRFedorakRNTannockGWMadsenKLGionchettiPCampieriM. VSL#3 probiotic-mixture induces remission in patients with active ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1539–46.
  • RembackenBJSnellingAMHawkeyPMChalmersDMAxonAT. Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli versus mesalazine for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999;354:635–9.
  • KruisWSchutzEFricPFixaBJudmaierGStolteM. Double-blind comparison of an oral Escherichia coli preparation and mesalazine in maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1997;11:853–8.
  • KruisWFricPPokrotnieksJLukasMFixaBKascakM. Maintaining remission of ulcerative colitis with the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 is as effective as with standard mesalazine. Gut. 2004;53:1617–23.
  • LaakeKOLinePDGrzybKAamodtGAabakkenLRosetA. Assessment of mucosal inflammation and blood flow in response to four weeks’ intervention with probiotics in patients operated with a J-configurated ileal-pouch-anal-anastomosis (IPAA). Scand J Gastroenterol. 2004;39:1228–35.
  • McCarthyJO’MahonyLDunneC. An open trial of a novel probiotic as an alternative to steroids in mild/moderately active Crohn’s disease. Gut. 2001;49(Suppl III):A2447.
  • MalchowHA. Crohn’s disease and Escherichia coli. A new approach in therapy to maintain remission of colonic Crohn’s disease? J Clin Gastroenterol. 1997;25:653–8.
  • GuslandiMMezziGSorghiMTestoniPA. Saccharomyces boulardii in maintenance treatment of Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2000;45(7):1462–4.
  • van GossumADewitOLouisEde HertoghGBaertFFontaineF. Multicenter randomized-controlled clinical trial of probiotics (Lactobacillus johnsonii, LA1) on early endoscopic recurrence of Crohn’s disease after ileo-caecal resection. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 2007;13:135–42.
  • ChermeshITamirAReshefRChowersYSuissaAKatzD. Failure of Synbiotic 2000 to prevent postoperative recurrence of Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:385–9.
  • O’SullivanMO’MorainC. Bacterial supplementation in the irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled crossover study. Dig Liver Dis. 2000;32:294–301.
  • SimrenMSyrousALindhAAbrahamssonH. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum 299V on symptoms and rectal sensitivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — a randomized double blind controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(Suppl 2):A600.
  • NivENaftaliTHallakRVaismanN. The efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC 55730 in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome-a double blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. Clin Nutr. 2005;24:925–31.
  • SinnDHSongJHKimHJLeeJHSonHJChangDK. Therapeutic effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus-SDC 2012, 2013 in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53:2714–8.
  • KimHJCamilleriMMcKinzieSLempkeMBBurtonDDThomfordeGM. A randomized controlled trial of a probiotic, VSL#3, on gut transit and symptoms in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17(7):895–904.
  • WilliamsEStimpsonJWangDPlummerSGaraiovaIBarkerM. Clinical trial: a multistrain probiotic preparation significantly reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;29(1):97–103.
  • Drouault-HolowaczSBieuveletSBurckelACazaubielMDrayXMarteauP. A double blind randomized controlled trial of a probiotic combination in 100 patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2008;32:147–52.
  • SimrénMOhmanLOlssonJSvenssonUOhlsonKPosserudI. Clinical trial: the effect of a fermented milk containing three probiotic bacteria in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) — a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;31:218–27.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.