“DISSECTING” QUARTZITE AND BASALT BIPOLAR FLAKE SHAPE: A MORPHOMETRIC COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL REPLICATIONS FROM OLDUVAI GORGE, TANZANIA

References

• Archer, W., and D. Braun 2010 Variability in Bifacial Technology at Elandsfontein, Western cape, South Africa: A Geometric Morphometric Approach. Journal of Archaeological Science 37:201–209. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2009.09.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barham, L. S. 1987 The Bipolar Technique in Southern Africa: A Replication Experiment. The South African Archaeological Bulletin 42:45–50. doi: 10.2307/3887773
   Google Scholar
• Benjamini, Y., and D. Yekutieli 2001 The Control of False Discovery Rate Under Dependency. The Annals of Statistics 29:1165–1188. doi: 10.1214/aos/1013699998
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman, M. J., A. K. Sievert, and T. R. Whyte 1999 Form and Function of Lithic Artifacts from the Three Dog Site, San Salvador, Bahamas. Latin American Antiquity 10:415–432. doi: 10.2307/971965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenschine, R., F. Masao, J. Tactikos, and J. Ebert 2008 Effects of Distance from Stone Source on Landscape-Scale Variation in Oldowan Artifact Assemblages in the Paleo-Olduvai Basin, Tanzania. Journal of Archaeological Science 35:76–86. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2007.02.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, D., T. Plummer, J. Ferraro, P. Ditchfield, and L. Bishop 2009 Raw Material Quality and Oldowan Hominin Toolstone Preferences: Evidence from Kanjera South, Kenya. Journal of Archaeological Science 36:1605–1614. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2009.03.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan, B., M. J. O'Brien, and M. Collard 2014 Continent-Wide or Region-Specific? A Geometric Morphometrics-Based Assessment of Variation in Clovis Point Shape. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 6:145–162. doi: 10.1007/s12520-013-0168-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbonell, E., R. Sala, D. Barsky, and V. Celiberti 2009 From Homogeneity to Multiplicity: A New Approach to the Study of Archaic Stone Tools. In Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Oldowan, edited by E. Hovers and D. Braun, pp. 25–37. Springer, Dordrecht.
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho, S., and W. McGrew 2012 The Origins of the Oldowan: why Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes) Still are Good Models for Technological Evolution in Africa. In Stone Tools and Fossil Bones: Debates in the Archaeology of Human Origins, edited by M. Dominguez-Rodrigo, pp. 201–221. University of Cambridge Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho, S., D. Biro, W. C. McGrew, and T. Matsuzawa 2009 Tool-Composite Reuse in Wild Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes): Archaeologically Invisible Steps in the Technological Evolution of Early Hominins? Animal Cognition 12:103–114. doi: 10.1007/s10071-009-0271-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarkson, C., 2010 Regional Diversity Within the core Technology of the Howiesons Poort Techno-Complex. In New Perspectives on Old Stones: Analytical Approaches to Paleolithic Technologies, edited by S. Lycett and P. Chauhan, pp. 43–59. Springer, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Costa, A. G., 2010 A Geometric Morphometric Assessment of Plan Shape in Bone and Stone Acheulean Bifaces from the Middle Pleistocene site of Castel di Guido, Latium, Italy. In New Perspectives on Old Stones: Analytical Approaches to Paleolithic Technologies, edited by S. Lycett and P. Chauhan, pp. 23–41. Springer, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Dibble, H., and S. McPherron 2006 The Missing Mousterian. Current Anthropology 47:777–803. doi: 10.1086/506282
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diez-Martin, F., P. Yustos, M. Dominguez-Rodrigo, A. Mabulla, and R. Barba 2009 Were Olduvai Hominins Making Butchering Tools or Battering Tools? Analysis of a Recently Excavated Lithic Assemblage from BK (Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28:274–289. doi: 10.1016/j.jaa.2009.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diez-Martin, F., P. Yustos, M. Dominguez-Rodrigo, A. Mabulla, H. Bunn, G. Ashley, R. Barba, and E. Baquedano 2010 New Insights Into Hominin Lithic Activities at FLK North Bed I, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Quaternary Research 74:376–387. doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2010.07.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diez-Martin, F., P. Yustos, M. Dominguez-Rodrigo, and M. Prendergast 2011 An Experimental Study of Bipolar and Freehand Knapping of Naibor Soit Quartz from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). American Antiquity 76:690–708. doi: 10.7183/0002-7316.76.4.690
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I. 2010 Anvil Reduction at the Early Paleoindian site of Paleo Crossing (33ME274), Northeast Ohio. Current Research in the Pleistocene 27:75–77.
   Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., A. Greenspan, and C. G. Sampson 2008 Are Upper Paleolithic Blade Cores More Productive Than Middle Paleolithic Discoidal Cores? A Replication Experiment. Journal of Human Evolution 55:952–961. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., and S. J. Lycett 2012 Why Levallois? A Morphometric Comparison of Experimental ‘Preferential’ Levallois Flakes Versus Debitage Flakes. PLoS One 7(1): e29273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029273. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., C. I. Roos, B. A. Story, N. von Cramon-Taubadel, and S. J. Lycett 2014 The Role of Raw Material Differences in Stone Tool Shape Variation: An Experimental Assessment. Journal of Archaeological Science 49:472–487. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., F. Diez-Martin, and M. Dominguez-Rodrigo 2013 An Empirical Test of the Relative Frequency of Bipolar Reduction in Beds VI, V, and III at Mumba Rockshelter, Tanzania: Implications for the East African Middle to Late Stone Transition. Journal of Archaeological Science 40:248–256. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.08.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eren, M. I., S. J. Lycett, C. I. Roos, and C. G. Sampson 2011 Toolstone Constraints on Knapping Skill: Levallois Reduction with two Different Raw Materials. Journal of Archaeological Science 38:2731–2739. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2011.06.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geier, C. R. 1990 A Middle Woodland Bipolar Pebble Technology in the Lower Chesapeake area of Tidewater Virginia. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 6:55–74.
   Google Scholar
• Goodyear, A. C. 1993 Tool Kit Entropy and Bipolar Reduction: A Study of Interassemblage Lithic Variability Among Paleo-Indian Sites in the Northeastern United States. North American Archaeologist 14:1–23. doi: 10.2190/HN4D-3MNN-5NRX-QPC8
   Google Scholar
• Gurtov, A., and M. I. Eren 2014 Lower Paleolithic Bipolar Reduction and Hominin Selection of Quartz at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania: What's the Connection? Quaternary International 322–323:285–291. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.08.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden, B. 1980 Confusion in the Bipolar World: Bashed Pebbles and Splintered Pieces. Lithic Technology 9:2–7.
   Google Scholar
• Hiscock, P. 1996 Mobility and Technology in the Kakadu Coastal Wetlands. Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin 15:151–157. doi: 10.7152/bippa.v15i0.11544
   Google Scholar
• Hiscock, P. 2015 Making it Small in the Palaeolithic: Bipolar Stone-Working, Miniature Artefacts and Model of Core Recycling. World Archaeology 47:158–169.
   Google Scholar
• Honea, K. H. 1965 The Bipolar Flaking Technique in Texas and New Mexico. Texas Archaeological Society Bulletin 36:259–267.
   Google Scholar
• Hovers, E. 2003 Treading Carefully: Site Formation Processes and Pliocene Lithic Technology. In Oldowan: Rather More That Smashing Stones, edited by J. Moreno, R. Torcal, and I. Sainz, pp. 144–164. University of Barcelona Press, Barcelona.
   Google Scholar
• Jeske, R. J. 1992 Energetic Efficiency and Lithic Technology: An Upper Mississippian Example. American Antiquity 57:467–481. doi: 10.2307/280935
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeske, R. J., and R. Lurie 1993 The Archaeological Visibility of Bipolar Technology: An Example from the Koster Site. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 18:131–160.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, P. 1994 Results of Experimental Work in Relation to the Stone Industries of Olduvai Gorge. In Olduvai Gorge, Excavations in Beds III, IV, and the Masek Beds, 1968–1971, Vol. 5, edited by M. Leakey, and D. Roe, pp. 254–298. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Key, A. J. M., and S. J. Lycett 2015 Edge Angle as a Variably Influential Factor in Flake Cutting Efficiency: An Experimental Investigation of Its Relationship with Tool Size and Loading. Archaeometry, in press.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, A. J. M., and S. J. Lycett 2014 Are Bigger Flakes Always Better? An Experimental Assessment of Flake Size Variation on Cutting Efficiency and Loading. Journal of Archaeological Science 41:140–146. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.07.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn, S. L. 1995 Mousterian Lithic Technology. Princeton University Press, Princeton
   Google Scholar
• Kuijt, I., and K. W. Russell 1993 Tur Imdai Rockshelter, Jordan: Debitage Analysis and Historic Bedouin Lithic Technology. Journal of Archaeological Science 20:667–680. doi: 10.1006/jasc.1993.1041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig, B., and J. Harris 1998 Towards a Technological Reassessment of East African Plio-Pleistocene Lithic Assemblages. In Early Human Behavior in Global Context, edited by M. Petraglia, R. Korisettar, pp. 85–107. Routledge, London.
   Google Scholar
• Lycett, S. J. 2009 Quantifying Transitions: Morphometric Approaches to Palaeolithic Variability and Technological Change. In Sourcebook of Palaeolithic Transitions: Methods, Theories, and Interpretations, edited by M. Camps and P. Chauhan, pp. 79–92. Springer, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Lycett, S. J. 2011 ‘Most Beautiful and Most Wonderful’: Those Endless Stone Tool Forms. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology 9:143–171. doi: 10.1556/JEP.9.2011.23.1
   Google Scholar
• Lycett, S. J., and M. I. Eren 2013 Levallois Lessons: The Challenge of Integrating Mathematical Models, Experiments and the Archaeological Record. World Archaeology 45:519–538. doi: 10.1080/00438243.2013.821670
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lycett, S. J., and N. von Cramon-Taubadel 2015 Toward a “Quantitative Genetic’ Approach to Lithic Variation. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 22:646–675. doi: 10.1007/s10816-013-9200-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lycett, S. J., and P. R. Chauhan 2010 Analytical Approaches to Palaeolithic Technologies: An Introduction. In New Perspectives on Old Stones: Analytical Approaches to Palaeolithic Technologies, edited by S. J. Lycett and P.R. Chauhan, pp. 1–22. Springer, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Merrick, H., and J. Merrick 1976 Archaeological Occurrences of Earlier Pleistocene Age from the Shungura Formation. In Earliest Man and the Environments in the Lake Rudolf Basin: Stratigraphy, Paleoecology, and Evolution, edited by Y. Coppens, F. Howell, G. Isaac, and R. Leakey, pp. 574–584. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Mesoudi, A. 2011 Cultural Evolution: How Darwinian Theory Can Explain Human Culture and Synthesize the Social Sciences. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Mgeladze, A., D. Lordkipanidze, M.-H. Moncel, J. Despiree, R. Chagelishvili, M. Nioradze, and G. Nioradze 2011 Hominin Occupations at the Dmanisi Site, Georgia, Southern Caucasus: Raw Materials and Technical Behaviors of Europe's First Hominins. Journal of Human Evolution 60:571–596. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, P. J. 2000 The Organization of Later Stone Age Lithic Technology in the Caledon Valley, Southern Africa. African Archaeological Review 17:141–176. doi: 10.1023/A:1006606204287
   Google Scholar
• Mithen, S., G. Marshall, B. Dopel, and M. Lake 2001 The Experimental Knapping of Flint Beach Pebbles. In Hunter-Gatherer Landscape Archaeology: the Southern Hebrides Mesolithic project 1988–1998, edited by S. Mithen, pp. 529–540. McDonald Institute Monographs, Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, B., M. I. Eren, N. Khreisheh, G. Hill, and B. A. Bradley 2014 Clovis Bipolar Lithic Reduction at Paleo Crossing, Ohio: A Reinterpretation Based on the Examination of Experimental Replications. In Clovis: On the Edge of a New Understanding, edited by A. Smallwood, T. Jennings, pp. 121–143. Texas A & M Press, College Station.
   Google Scholar
• Narum, S. R. 2006 Beyond Bonferroni: Less Conservative Analyses for Conservation Genetics. Conserv Genet 7:783–787. doi: 10.1007/s10592-005-9056-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potts, R. 1988 Early Hominid Activities at Olduvai. Aldine de Gruyter, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Proffitt, T., and I. de la Torre 2014 The Effect of Raw Material on Inter-Analyst Variation and Analyst Accuracy for Lithic Analysis: A Case Study from Olduvai Gorge. Journal of Archaeological Science 45:270–283. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2014.02.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putt, S. 2015 The Origins of Stone Tool Reduction and the Transition to Knapping: An Experimental Approach. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2:51–60. doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.01.004
   Google Scholar
• Rezek, Z., S. Lin, R. Iovita, and H. Dibble 2011 The Relative Effects of Core Surface Morphology on Flake Shape and Other Attributes. Journal of Archaeological Science 38:1346–1359. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2011.01.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schick, K., and N. Toth 1994 Making Silent Stones Speak. Simon and Schuster, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Sharon, G. 2008 The Impact of Raw Material on Acheulian Large Flake Production. Journal of Archaeological Science 35:1329–1344. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2007.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shott, M. J. 1989 Bipolar Industries: Ethnographic Evidence and Archaeological Implications. North American Archaeologist 10:1–24. doi: 10.2190/AAKD-X5Y1-89H6-NGJW
   Google Scholar
• Shott, M. J. 1999 On Bipolar Reduction and Splintered Pieces. North American Archaeologist 20:217–238. doi: 10.2190/0VP5-TT1E-3WLC-9RCA
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shott, M. J., and P. Sillitoe 2005 Use Life and Curation in New Guinea Experimental Used Flakes. Journal of Archaeological Science 32:653–663. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smallwood, A. 2012 Clovis Technology and Settlement in the American Southeast: Using Biface Analysis to Evaluate Dispersal Models. American Antiquity 77:689–713. doi: 10.7183/0002-7316.77.4.689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, R. E. 2010 Discriminating Groups of Organisms. In Morphometrics for Nonmorphometricians, edited by, A. M. T. Elewa, pp. 73–91. Springer, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Tactikos, J. 2003 A Re-Evaluation of Palaeolithic Stone Tool Cutting Edge Production Rates and Their Implications. In Lithic Analysis at the Millenium, edited by, N. Maloney and M. J. Shott, pp. 151–162. UCL Institute of Archaeology, London.
   Google Scholar
• Tactikos, J. 2005 A Landscape Perspective on the Oldowan from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania ( Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation). Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University: New Jersey.
   Google Scholar