Publication Cover
Acta Clinica Belgica
International Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine
Volume 62, 2007 - Issue 5
49
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Papers of the lectures presented at the Annual Congress of the Belgian Society for Internal Medicine

SALT, THE KIDNEYS, AND ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

&
Pages 348-357 | Published online: 09 Jan 2014

REFERENCES

  • Jones DW. Dietary sodium and blood pressure. Hypertension 2004; 43: 932–5.
  • Ambard L, Beaujard E. Causes de ['hypertension artérielle. Arch Gen de Med 1904; 1: 520–3.
  • Kempner W. Treatment of kidney disease and hypertensive vascular disease with rice diet. NC Med J 1944; 5: 125–33.
  • Dahl LK, Knudsen KD, Heine M, et al. Effects of chronic excess salt ingestion: genetic influence on the development of salt hypertension in parabiotic rats: evidence of a humoral factor. J Exp Med 1967; 126: 687–99.
  • Rapp JP, Dene H. Development and characteristics of inbred strains of Da hl sa Et-sensitive and sal-resistant rats. Hypertension 1985; 7:340–9.
  • Dahl L. Possible role of chronic excess salt consumption in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Arni Cardiol 1961; 571–5.
  • Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. Intersalt: an interna-tional study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium. BMJ 1988;297:319–28.
  • Elliott P, Stamler J, Nichols R, Dyer AR, et al. Intersalt revisited:Further analyses of 24 hour sodium excretion and blood pressure within and across populations. BMJ 1996; 312:1249–53.
  • Guyton AC, Coleman TG. A quantitative analysis of the patho-physiology of hypertension. Life Sci 1969; 24: 1–26.
  • Haddy FJ, Overbeck JW. The role of humoral factors in volume expanded hypertension. Life Sci 1976; 19: 935–48.
  • de Wardner HE, MacGregor GA. Dahl's hypothesis that a saluretic substance may be responsible for a sustained rise in arterial pressure: its possible role in essential hypertension. Kidney Int 1980; 18: 1–9.
  • Guyton Ac, Coleman TG, Granger HI Circulation:Overall regula-tion. Annu Rev Physiol 1972; 34: 13–46.
  • Berghoff RS, Geraci AS. The influence of sodium chloride on blood pressure. IM] 1929; 56: 395–7.
  • Luft F, Zemel M, Sowers J, Fineberg N, Weinberger M. Sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride: effects on blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis in normal and hypertensive man. ]Hypertens 1990; 8:663–70.
  • Kurtz TW, Al-Bander HA, Morris RC Jr. "Salt-sensitive" essential hypertension in men. Is the sodium ion alone important? N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1043–8.
  • Sharma A, Schattenfroh S, Thiede HM, Oelkers W, Distler A. Ef-fects of sodium salts on pressor reactivity in salt-sensitive men. Hypertension 1992; 19: 541–8.
  • Darrow DC, Schwartz R, lannucci JF, et al. The relation of serum bicarbonate concentration to muscle composition.] Clin Invest 1948; 27: 198–208.
  • Weinberger MH. Salt sensitivity of blood pressure in humans. Hypertension. 1996; 27: 481–90.
  • Barba G, Galletti F, Cappuccio F, et al. Incidence of hypertension in individuals with different blood pressure salt-sensitivity: re-sults of a 15-year follow-up study.] Hypertens 2007; 25: 1465–71.
  • Johnson R, Herrera-Acosta J, Schreiner G, Rodriguez-ltrube B. Subtle acquired renal injury as a mechanism of salt-sensitive hypertension. N EngIJ Med 2002; 346: 913–23.
  • Melander O, von Wowern F, Frandsen E, et al. Moderate salt restriction effectively lowers blood pressure and degree salt sensitivity is related to baseline concentration of renin and N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide in plasmajHypertens 2007; 25: 619–27.
  • Sachdeva A, Weder A. Nocturnal sodium excretion, blood pressure dipping, and sodium sensitivity. Hypertension 2006; 48: 527–33.
  • Krzesinski J.M., Godon J.P., Rorive G. Arguments for the presence of a Na-K ATPase pump inhibitor in the plasma of uremic and essential hypertensive patients. Clin and Exper - Theory and Practice 1985;A7: 721–33.
  • Krzesinski J-M, Rorive GL. Is the decrease of central venous compliance the factor responsible for salt-sensitivityrnypertens 1986; 4 (suppl 6): S68–S70.
  • Sharma AM. Salt sensitivity as a phenotype for genetic studies of human hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11: 927–59.
  • Bigazzi R, Bianchi S, Baldari D, Sgherri G, Baldari G, Campese VM. Microalbuminuria in salt-sensitive patients. A marker for renal and cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension 1994; 23:195–9.
  • CampeseVM. Salt sensitivity in hypertension. Renal and cardio-vascular implications. Hypertension 1994; 23: 531–50.
  • He J, Ogden LG, Vupputruri S, et al. Dietary sodium intake and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in overweight adults. ]AMA 1999; 282: 2027–34.
  • Verhave JC, Hillege HL, Burgerhof JGM, et al. Sodium intake af-fects urinary albumin excretion especially in overweight subjects. ]Intern Med 2004; 256: 324–30.
  • de Jongh R, Serné E, ljzerman R, Stehouwer C. Microvascular function: a potential [ink between salt sensitivity, insulin resist-ance and hypertension.] Hypertens 2007; 25: 1887–93.
  • De Fronzo R.A. The effect of insulin and renal sodium metabolism. Diabetologica 1981; 21: 165–71.
  • Siffert W, Dusing R. Sodium-proton exchange and primary hy-pertension. An update. Hypertension 1995; 26:649–55.
  • Jeck N, Waldegger S, Lampert A, et al.Activating mutation of the renal epithelial chloride channel C1C-Kb predisposing to hyper-tension. Hypertension 2004; 43: 1175–81.
  • Wilson FH, Disse-Nicodeme S, Choate KA, et al. Human hyper-tension caused by mutations in WNK kinases.Science 2001;293: 1107–12.
  • Turner ST, Schwartz GL, Chapman AB, Boerwinkle E. WNK1 kinase polymorphism and blood pressure response to a thiazide diu-retic. Hypertension 2005; 46: 758–65.
  • Liddle G, Bledsoe T, Coppage WA familial renal disorder simulat-ing primary aldosteronism but with negligible aldosterone excre-tion. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1963; 76: 199–213.
  • Cusi D, Barlassina C, Azzani T, et al. Polymorphisms of alpha-ad-ducin and salt sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension. Lancet 1997; 349: 1353–7.
  • Li Y, Thijs L; Kuznetsova T, et al. Cardiovascular risk in relation to alpha-adducin Gly460Trp polymorphism and systolic pressure: a prospective population study. Hypertension 2005; 46: 527–32.
  • Siani A, Russo P, Cappuccio F, et al. Combination of renin-angi-otensin system polymorphism is associated with altered renal sodium handling and hypertension. Hypertension 2004; 43: 598–602.
  • ChioleroA, Würzner G, Burnier M. Renal determinants of the salt sensitivity of blood pressure. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 452–8.
  • Krzesinski J-M, Wading X, Goffard A, et al. Anomalie rénale de ['excretion sodée, un marqueur de la predisposition héréditaire a ['hypertension artérielle, role de la dopamine? Arch Mal Cceur 1989; 82: 1245–8.
  • Lang F, Capasso G, Schwab M, Waldegger S. Renal tubular trans-port and the genetic basis of hypertensive disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 2005; 9:91–9.
  • de Wardener H, He F, Macgregor G. Plasma sodium and hyper-tension. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 2454–66.
  • Oberleithner H, RiethmLiller C, Schillers H, et al. Plasma sodium stiffens vascular endothelium and reduces nitric oxide release PNAS 2007, 104: 16281–6.
  • Keszei A, Tislér A, Backx P, et al. Molecular variants of the thi-azides-sensitive Na -Cl- cotransporter in hypertensive families. ]Hypertens 2007; 25: 2074–81.
  • Saha C; Ecjkert GJ, Ambrosius WT, et al. Improvement in blood pressure with inhibition of the epithelial sodium channel in blacks with hypertension. Hypertension 2005; 46:481.
  • Lifton RP, Mu hy RG, Powers M, et al. A chimeric 11 beta-hy-droxylase/aldosterone synthase gene causes glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism and human hypertension. Nature 1992; 355: 262–5.
  • Geller DS, Farhi A, PinkertonN, et al.Activating mineralocorticoid receptor mutation in hypertension exacerbated by pregnancy. Science 2000; 289: 119–23.
  • lwai N, Kajimoto K, Tomoike H, et al. Polymorphism of CYP1182 determines salt sensitivity in Japanese. Hypertension 2007; 49: 825–31.
  • Stewart P, Krozowski Z, Gupta A, et al. Hypertension in the syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess due to mutation of the 1111-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 gene. Lancet 1996; 347: 88–91.
  • Kaplan N. The current epidemic of primary a ldosteronism: causes and consequences.] Hypertens. 2004; 22:863–9.
  • Smithies O. Many little things: one geneticist's view of complex diseases. Nat Rev Genet 2005; 6: 419–25.
  • Kresinski J-M, Du F, Rorive G. Intracellular cation concentrations in essential hypertension and chronic renal failure. Clin and Exper Hypertension 1993; 15: 461–78.
  • Blaustein M, Zhang J, Chen L, Hamilton B. How does salt reten-tion raise blood pressure? Am] Physiol Regul lntegr Comp Physiol 2006; 290: R514–R23.
  • Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Vaziri N. Salt-sensitive hypertension- update on novel findings. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 992–5.
  • Johnson RJ, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Kang DH, Feig DI, Herrera-Acosta J. A unifying pathway for essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18:431–40.
  • Fukuda M, Nu memura M, Usami T, et al. Nocturnal blood pres-sure is elevated with natriuresis and proteinuria as renal function deteriorates in nephropathy. Kidney Int 2004; 65: 621–5.
  • Sanders P. Salt intake, endothelial cell signalling, and progression of kidney disease. Hypertension 2004; 43: 142–6.
  • Appel Li, More Ti, Obarzanek E, et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. N EngIJ Med 1997; 336: 1117–24.
  • Sacks F, Svetkey L, Vollmer W, et al. Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet. N EngIJ Med 2001; 344: 3–10.
  • Cappuccio F, Markandu N, Carney C, Sagnella G, MacGregor G. Double-blind randomised trial of modest salt restriction in older people. Lancet 1997; 350:850–4.
  • Geleinjse JM, Witteman JC, Bak AAA, den Breijen JH, Grobbee DE. Reduction in blood pressure with a low sodium, high potas-sium, high magnesium salt in older subjects with mild to mod-erate hypertension. BMJ 1994; 309: 436–40.
  • Krzesinski JM, Janssens M, Vanderspeeten F, Rorive G. Importance of weight loss and sodium restriction in the treatment of mild and moderate essential hypertension. Acta Clin Be! 1993; 48: 234–45.
  • Uzu T, Ishikawa K, Fujii T, et al. Sodium restriction shifts circa-dian rhythm of blood pressure from nondipper to dipper in essential hypertension. Circulation 1997; 96:1859–62.
  • He J, MacGregor G, for the Cochrane collaboration. Effect of Longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007; 1–41.
  • Gates P, Tanaka H, Hiatt W, Seals R. Dietary sodium restriction rapidly improves large elastic artery compliance in older adults with systolic hypertension. Hypertension 2004; 44:35–41.
  • Bagrov A, Lakatta E. The dietary sodium-blood pressure plot "stiffens". Hypertension 2004; 44: 22–4.
  • Gonzalez M, Lobos L, Castillo F, Galleguillos L, Lopez N, Michea L. High-salt inhibits expression of angiotensin type 2 receptor in resistance arteries. Hypertension 2005; 45: 853–9.
  • 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension, task force of the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology.] Hypertens. 2007; 25: 1105–87.
  • Adrogué Hi, Maddias NE. Sodium and potassium in the patho-genesis of hypertension. N EngIJ Med 2007; 356: 1966–78.
  • Law MR, Frost CD, Wald Ni. By how much does dietary salt re-duction lower blood pressure? I-An analysis of observational data among populations; Ill-Analysis of data from trials of salt reduction. BMJ 1991; 302: 811.
  • Cook NR, Cohen J, Hebert PR, et al. Implications of small reduc-tions in diastolic blood pressure for primary prevention. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 701.
  • He F, MacGregor G. Importance of salt in determining blood pressure in children. Meta-analysis of controlledHyperten-sion 2006; 48:861–9.
  • Hofman A, Hazebroek A, Valkenburg HA. A randomized trial of sodium intake and blood pressure in newborn infants. JAMA 1983; 250: 370–3.
  • Geleijnse JM, Hofman A, Witteman JC, et al. Long-teme effects of neonatal sodium restriction on blood pressure. Hypertension 1997; 29: 913.
  • Hooper L, Bartlett C, Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Systematic review of long term effects of advice to reduce dietary salt in adults. BMJ 2002; 325: 628.
  • Cook N, Cutler J, Obarzanek E, et al. Long term effects of dietary sodium reduction on cardiovascular disease outcomes: obser-vational follow-up of the trials of hypertension prevention (TOHP). BMJ 2007; 334 (7599): 885.
  • Alderman M, Cohen H, Madhavan S. Dietary sodium intake and mortality: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Sur-vey (NHANES I). Lancet 1998; 351: 781–5.
  • Cohen H, Hailpern S, Fang J, Alderman M. Sodium-intake and mortality in the NHANS II follow-up study.AmJ Med 2006; 119: 275.e7–14.
  • Tuomilehto J, Jousilahti P, Rastenyte D, et al. Urinary sodium excretion and cardiovascular mortality in Finland:a prospective study. Lancet 2001; 357: 848–51.
  • He J, Ogden L, Vupputuri S, et al. Dietary sodium intake and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in overweight adults. JAMA 1999; 282: 2027–34.
  • Alderman M. Dietary sodium and cardiovascular disease: the "J"-shaped relation.] Hypertens 2007; 25: 903–7.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.