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British Journal of Orthodontics Volume 20, 1993 - Issue 4
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Original Articles

The Provision of Orthodontic Care in the General Dental Services of England and Wales: extraction patterns, treatment duration, appliance types and standards

S. RichmondOrthodontic Unit, Department of Oral Health and Development, University Dental Hospital of Manchester, Higher Cambridge Street, ManchesterM15 6FH
, Ph.D., M.Sc.D., F.D.S., D.Orth.,
M. AndrewsOrthodontic Unit, Department of Oral Health and Development, University Dental Hospital of Manchester, Higher Cambridge Street, ManchesterM15 6FH
, M.Sc. &
C. T. RobertsOrthodontic Unit, Department of Oral Health and Development, University Dental Hospital of Manchester, Higher Cambridge Street, ManchesterM15 6FH
, M.Sc.
Pages 345-350 | Accepted 01 Sep 1992, Published online: 21 Jun 2016

References

  • British Orthodontic Standards Working Party (1986) British Orthodontic Standards Working Party (2nd Report), British Journal of Orthodontics, 13, 165–173.
  • D.H.S.S. (1986) Report of the committee of enquiry into unnecessary treatment, HMSO, London.
  • Gravely, J. F. (1989) Who should practise orthodontics? British Dental Journal, 16, 235–241.
  • O'Brien, K. D. (1991) Orthodontic interactions: The relationship between the orthodontic services, British Journal of Orthodontics, 18, 91–98.
  • O'Brien, K. D. (1991) An analysis of the effectiveness of provision of orthodontic treatment by the hospital orthodontic service in England and Wales, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Manchester.
  • Richmond, S. (1990) A critical evaluation of orthodontic treatment in the General Dental Services of England and Wales, Ph. D. thesis, University of Manchester.
  • Richmond, S. and Andrews, M. (1993) Orthodontic treatment standards in Norway, European Journal of Orthodontics 15, 7–15.
  • Richmond, S., Shaw, W. C. and Stephens, C. D. (1992a) Orthodontics in the General Dental Services of England and Wales: The provision of treatment, British Dental Journal, 172, 150–152.
  • Richmond, S., Shaw, W. C., O'Brien, K. D., Buchanan, I. B., Jones, R., Stephens, C. D., Roberts, C. T. and Andrews, M. (1992b) The development of the PAR Index (Peer Assessment Rating): reliability and validity European Journal of Orthodontics, 14, 125–139.
  • Richmond, S., Shaw, W. C., Roberts, C. T. and Andrews, M. (1992c) The PAR Index (Peer Assessment Rating): Methods to determine outcome of orthodontic treatment in terms of improvement and standards, European Journal of Orthodontics, 14, 180–187.
  • Richmond, S., Shaw, W. C., Stephens, C. D., Roberts, C. T. and Andrews, M. (1993) A critical evaluation of orthodontic treatment in the General Dental Services of England and Wales, British Dental Journal, 174, 315–329.
  • Shaw, W. C. (1983) Improving British Orthodontic Standards, British Dental Journal, 155, 131–135.

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