Developmental Mechanisms in Normal and Abnormal Palate Formation with Particular Reference to the Aetiology, Pathogenesis and Prevention of Cleft Palate

References

• Abramovich, A. (1972) Cleft palate in the foetuses of lathyric rats and its relation to other structures—nasal septum, tongue and mandible, Cleft Palate Journal, 9, 73–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andersen, H. and Matthiessen, M. (1967) Histochemistry of the early development of the human central face and nasal cavity with specific reference to the movements and fusion of the palatine processes, Acta Anatomica, 68, 473–508.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arey, L. B. (1974) Development anatomy. A textbook and laboratory manual of embryology, revised 7th edn, pp. 227–230, Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Co.
   Google Scholar
• Asling, C. W., Nelson, M. H., Dougherty, H. L., Wright, H. V. and Evans, H. M. (1960) The development of cleft palate resulting from maternal pteroylglutamic (folic) acid deficiency during the latter half of gestation in rats, Surgery, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 111, 19–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Atnip, R. L. (1963) The role of surface tension in experimentally induced elevation of embryonic palatal shelves, Anatomical Record, 145, 308.
   Google Scholar
• Babiarz, B. S., Allenspach, A. L. and Zimmerman, E. F. (1975) Ultrastructural evidence of contractile systems in mouse palates prior to rotation, Developmental Biology, 47, 32–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babiarz, B. S., Wee, E. L. and Zimmerman, E. F. (1979) Palate morphogenesis. III. Changes in cell shape and orientation during shelf elevation, Teratology, 20, (2), 249–278.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baratz, R. S. and Zenati, N. A. (1979) The content of water, protein, DNA, RNA and sugar in foetal rat palatal processes during re-orientation and fusion, Archives of Oral Biology, 24, 607–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit, R. and Lemire, M. (1974) Differenciation tissulaire epitheliale et mesenchymateuse aucours de la formation du palais secondaire chez l'embryon de rat, Actualities Odontology—Stomatology, 28, (107), 533–549.
   Google Scholar
• Brinkley, L., Basehoar, G., Branch, A. and Avery, J. (1975) A new in vitro system for studying secondary palate development, Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, 34, 485–495.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brinkley, L. and Vickerman, M. M. (1979) Elevation of lesioned palatal shelves in vitro, Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, 54 229–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burdi, A. R. and Faist, K. (1967) Morphogenesis of the palate in normal human embryos with special emphasis on the mechanisms involved, American Journal of Anatomy, 120, 149–160.
   Google Scholar
• Burdi, A. R. and Silvey, R. G. (1969) The relation of sex-associated facial profile reversal and stages of human palatal closure, Teratology, 2, 297–304.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coleman, R. D. (1965) Development of the rat palate, Anatomical Record, 151, 107–118.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cook, H. C. (1972) Human tissue mucins. Laboratory aids series, F. J. Baker (Ed.), London: Butterworth.
   Google Scholar
• De Myer, W., Zeman, W. and Palmer, C. G. (1964) The face predicts the brain: diagnostic significance of medial facial anomalies for holoprosencephaly (arhinencephaly), Pediatrics, 34, 256–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diewert, V. M. (1974) A cephalometric study of orofacial structures during secondary palate closure in the rat, Archives of Oral Biology, 19, 303–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diewert, V. M. (1976) Graphic reconstructions of craniofacial structures during secondary palate development in rats, Teratology, 14 (3), 291–314.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diewert, V. M. (1978) A quantitative coronal plane evaluation of craniofacial growth and spatial relations during secondary palate development in the rat, Archives of Oral Biology, 23, 607–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diewert, V. M. (1980) Contributions of extracellular matrix to dimensional changes in the embryonic palate, Journal of Dental Research, 59A, 303 (Abstract 143).
   Google Scholar
• Dostal, M. (1971) Morphogenesis of cleft palate induced by exogenous factors. III. Intra-amniotic application of hydrocortisone in mice, Teratology, 4, 63–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dostal, M. (1973) Effect of some non-specific factors accompanying intra-amniotic injection in mouse foetus, Folia Morphologia (Praha), 21,97–101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliott, R. J. and Gardner, D. L. (1979) Changes with age in the glycosaminoglycans of human articular cartilage, Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, 38, 371–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, R. J. and Gardner, D. L. (1980) Cartilage glycosaminoglycans, extraction, fractionation and measurement from 10 μm thick sections, Biochemical Society Transactions, 8, 446–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, M. W. J. (1977) The mechanism of palatal shelf elevation and the pathogenesis of cleft palate, Virchows Archiv A. Pathological, Anatomy and Histology, 375, 97–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, M. W. J. (1978a) Palatal shelf elevation in the Wistar rat foetus, Journal of Anatomy, 125(3), 555–577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, M. W. J. (1978b) The teratogenic effects of 5-fluoro-2-desoxyuridine (FUDR) on the Wistar rat foetus with particular reference to cleft palate, Journal of Anatomy, 126 (1), 37–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, M. W. J. (1979) The American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis): a new model for investigating developmental mechanisms in normal and abnormal palate formation, Medical Hypotheses, 5(10), 1079–1090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, M. W. J. (1981) The structure and development of the palate in Alligator mississippiensis, Archives of Oral Biology (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Flynt, J. W. and Oakley, G. P. (1973) Increased incidence of cleft palate: Metropolitan Atlanta, 1971, In 4th International conference on birth defects, A. G. Motulsky (Ed.), Abstract no. 40. International Congress Series No. 297, Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.
   Google Scholar
• Fogh Andersen, P. (1961) Incidence of cleft lip and palate; constant or increasing?, Acta Chirurgie Scandinavica, 122, 106.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fogh Andersen, P. (1968) Increasing incidence of facial clefts. Genetically or non-genetically determined, In Craniofacial anomalies pathogenesis and repair, J. J. Longacre (Ed.), pp. 27–29, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co.
   Google Scholar
• Fogh Andersen, P. (1971) Epidemiology and etiology of clefts, In The third conference on the clinical delineation of birth defects. Part XI: Orofacial structures. Birth Defects Original Article Series, Vol. VII, No. 7, D. Bergsma (Ed.), pp. 50–53, Baltimore: The National Foundation March of Dimes; Williams & Wilkins Co.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, F. C. (1967) Cleft lip and cleft palate, Science, 158, 1603–1606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, F. C. (1969) Gene-environment interactions in the production of cleft palate, In Methods for teratological studies in experimental animals and man, H. Nishimura and J. R. Miller (Eds.), pp. 34–38, Tokyo: Igaku Shoin.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, F. C. (1971) Etiology of cleft lip and palate, In Cleft lip and palate, surgical, dental and speech aspects, W. C. Grabb, S. W. Rosenstein and K. R. Bzoch (Eds), pp. 54–65, Boston: Little Brown Co.
   Google Scholar
• Fujiki, Y. (1968) Histologic and autoradiographic studies of X-ray induced cleft palate in mice, In Craniofacial anomalies, pathogenesis and repair, J. J. Longacre (Ed.), pp. 19–25. Philadelphia and Toronto: J. B. Lippincott Co.
   Google Scholar
• Furstman, L., Bernick Sol and Mahan, P. Z. (1971) The role of the nasal septum in the development of the secondary palate of the rat, American Journal of Orthodontics, 60, 244–256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gorlin, R. J., Cervenka, J. adn Pruzansky, S. (1971) Facial clefting and its syndromes, In The third conference on the clinical delineation of birth defects. Part XI. Orofacial structures. Birth Defects Original Article Series, Vol. VII, no. 7, D. Bergsma (Ed.), pp. 3–49, Baltimore: The National Foundation March of Dimes; Williams & Wilkins Co.
   Google Scholar
• Gorlin, R. J. and Cervenka, J. (1974) Syndromes of facial clefting, Scandanavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstrurtive Surgery, 8, 13–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, R. M. and Pratt, R. M. (1976) Developmental aspects of secondary palate formation, Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, 36, 225–245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greene, R. M. and Kochhar, D. M. (1975) Some aspects of corticosteroid-induced cleft palate: a review, Teratoloġy, 11, 47–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gregg, J. M. and Avery, J. K. (1971) Experimental studies of vascular development in normal and cleft palate mouse embryos, Cleft Palate Journal, 8, 101–117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harris, J. W. S. (1961) Growth changes in the cranial base and lower jaw during the closure of the secondary palate in two strains of rat, Journal of Anatomy, 95, 286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, J. W. S. (1967) Experimental studies on closure and cleft formation in the secondary palate, Scientific Basis of Medicine Annual Reviews, 354–370.
   Google Scholar
• Hassell, J. R. and Orkin, R. W. (1976) Synthesis and distribution of collagen in the rat palate during shelf elevation, Developmental Biology, 49, 80–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphrey, T. (1968) The dynamic mechanism of palatal shelf elevation in human foetuses, Anatomical Record, 160, 369.
   Google Scholar
• Humphrey, T. (1969) The relation between human foetal mouth opening reflexes and closure of the palate, American Journal of Anatomy, 125, 317–344.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Humphrey, T. (1971) Development of oral and facial motor mechanisms in human foetuses and their relation to cranio-facial growth, Journal of Dental Research, 50 (6, part 1) (Suppl.), 1428–1441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Innes, P. B. (1978) The ultrastructure of the mesenchymal element of the palatal shelves of the foetal mouse, Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, 43, 185–194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnston, M. C., Hassell, J. R. and Brown, K. S. (1975) The embryology of cleft lip and cleft palate, Clinics in Plasric Surgery, 2, (2), 195–203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joondeph, D. R. and Wragg, L. E. (1971) Facial growth during the secondary palate closure in the rat, American Journal of Orthodontics, 60, 88.
   Google Scholar
• Kauffman, F. C. and Delbalso, A. M. (1975) Effects of B-amino-propionitrile (BAPN) on acid hydrolases in developing rat oral—facial structures, Journal of Dental Research, 54A, 82 (Abstract 150).
   Google Scholar
• Kimmel, C. A., Wilson, J. G. and Schumacher, H. J. (1971) Studies on metabolism and identification of the causative agent in aspirin teratogenesis in rats, Teratology, 4, 15–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kochhar, D. M. and Johnson, E. M. (1965) Morphological and autoradiographic studies of cleft palate induced in rat embryos by maternal hypervitaminosis A, Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, 14, 223–238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krawczyk, W. S., Gillon, D. G. and Szabo, G. (1975) Smooth-muscle proteins in foetal mouse oral mucosa during palatal shelf development, Journal of Dental Research, 54A (Abstracts L46, L12).
   Google Scholar
• Larsson, K. S. (1960) Studies on the closure of the secondary palate. II. Occurrence of sulpho-mucopolysaccharides in the palatine processes of normal mouse embryo, Experimental Cell Research, 21, 498–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson, K. S. (1962) Closure of the secondary palate and its relation to sulpho-mucopolysaccharides, Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 20, Suppl. 31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Larsson, K. S. (1974) Mechanisms of cleft palate formation, In Congenital defects, new directions in research, D. T. Janerich, R. G. Skalko and I. H. Porter (Eds.), pp. 255–275., London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Larsson, K. S. and Bostrom, H. (1965) Teratogenic action of salicylates related to the inhibition of mucopolysaccharide synthesis, Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 54, 43–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzaro, C. (1940) Sul meccanismo di chiusura del palato secondario, Monitore Zoologico Italiano, 51, 249–265.
   Google Scholar
• Levy, G. (1965) Pharmacokinetics of salicylate elimination in man, Journal of Pharmacological Science, 54, 959–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessard, J. L., Wee, A. L. and Zimmerman, E. F. (1974) Presence of contractile proteins in mouse foetal palate prior to shelf elevation, Teratology, 9, 113–126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lillie, R. D. and Fullmer, H. M. (1976) Histopathologic technic and practical histochemistry, 4th edn, New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Millard, D. R. (1976) Cleft craft, the evolution of its surgery, Vols. 1–3, Boston: Little Brown Co.
   Google Scholar
• Moss, M. L. (1971) Facial growth, the functional matrix concept, In Cleft lip and palate—surgical, dental and speech aspects, W. C. Grabb, S. W. Rosenstein and K. R. Bzoch (Eds), pp. 97–107, Boston: Little Brown Co.
   Google Scholar
• Myers, G., Petrakis, N. and Lee, M. (1967) Cultivation of embryonic rat palate in defined and semi-defined media, Archives of Oral Biology, 12, 565–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanda, R. and Romeo, D. (1977) Effect of intra-amniotic administration of vitamin A on rat foetuses, Teratology, 16, 35–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neill, W. T. (1971) The last of the ruling reptiles: alligalors, crocodiles and their kin, New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Polzl, A. (1904) Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des menschlichen Gaumens, Anatomische Hefte, 27, 244–301.
   Google Scholar
• Pons-Tortella, E. (1937) Uber die Bildungsweise des sekundaren Gaumens, Anatomischer Anzeiger, 84, 13–17.
   Google Scholar
• Poswillo, D. (1966) Observations of foetal posture and causal mechanisms of congenital deformity of palate, mandible and limbs, Journal of Dental Research, 45, 584–596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poswillo, D. (1968a) The aetiology and surgery of cleft palate with micrognathia, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 43, 61–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poswillo, D. (1968b) Cleft palate in the rat. Laboratory Animals, 2, 181–190.
   Google Scholar
• Pourtois, M.(1972) Morphogenesis of the primary and secondary palate, In Developmental aspects of oral biology, H. C. Slavkin & L. A. Bavetta (Eds), pp. 81–108, New York and London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pratt, R. M., Goggins, J. F., Wilk, A. L. and King, C. T. G. (1973) Acid mucopolysaccharide synthesis in the secondary palate of the developing rat at the time of rotation and fusion, Developmental Biology, 32, 230–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, R. M. and King, C. T. G. (1972) Inhibition of collagen crosslinking associated with β-aminoproprionitrile induced cleft palate in the rat, Development Biology, 27, 322–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, R. M., Larsen, M. A. and Johnston, M. C. (1975) Migration of cranial neural crest cells in a cell free hyaluronaterich matrix, Developmental Biology, 44, 298–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, R. M., Figueroa, A. A., Greene, R. M., Wilk, A. L. and Salomon, D. S. (1979) Alterations in macromolecular synthesis related to abnormal palatal development, In Advances in the study of birth defects, Vol. 3, Abnormal embryogenesis, cellular and molecular aspects, T. V. N. Persaud (Ed.), pp. 161–176, Lancaster: M.T.P. Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, R. B. and Lindsay, W. K. (1965) The cervical vertebrae as a factor in the etiology of cleft palate, Cleft Palate Journal, 2, 273–281.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, R. B. and Johnston, M. C. (1972) Cleft lip and palate, pp. 3–67, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Co.
   Google Scholar
• Salomon, D. S. and Pratt, R. M. (1979) Involvement of glucocorticoids in the development of the secondary palate, Differentiation, 13, 141–154.
   Google Scholar
• Saxen, I. (1975) Associations between oral clefts and drugs taken during pregnancy, International Journal of Epidemiology, 4, 37–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, R. M. (1979a) Current concepts on the mechanisms of normal and abnormal secondary palate formation, In Advances in the study of birth defects, Vol. 1, Teratogenic mechanisms, T. V. N. Persaud (Ed.), pp. 69–84, Lancaster: M. T. P. Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, R. M. (1979b) A cellular mechanism for the palatal shelf re-orietation from a vertical to a horizontal plane in hamster: light and electron microscopic study, Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, 53, 1–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shields, E. D., Bixler, D. and Fogh Andersen, P. (1979) Facial clefts in Danish twins, Cleft Palate Journal, 16 (1), 1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sicher, M. (1966) Orban's oral histology and embryology, 6th edn, Ch. 1, St Louis: C. V. Mosby Co.
   Google Scholar
• Slavkin, H. C. (1979a) Developmental craniofacial biology, Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
   Google Scholar
• Slavkin, H. C. (1979b) Congenital craniofacial malformations: identifying individuals at risk, Ear, Nose and Throat Journal, 58, 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Slavkin, H. C. (1980) Congenital craniofacial malformations: of mice and men, The Compendium on Continuing Education in General Dentistry, 1 (1), 39–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solursh, M. and Meier, S. (1973) The selective inhibition of mucopolysaccharide synthesis by vitamin A treatment of cultured chick embryo chondrocytes, Calcified Tissue Research, 13, 131–142.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stark, R. B. (1973) Development of the face, Surgery, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 137, 403–408.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor, R. G. and Harris, J. W. S. (1973) Growth and spatial relationships of the cranial base and lower jaw during closure of the secondary palate in the hamster, Journal of Anatomy, 115, 149–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tünte, W. (1969) Is there a secular increase in the incidence of cleft lip and cleft palate?, Cleft Palate Journal, 6, 430.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verrusio, A. C. (1970) A mechanism for closure of the secondary palate, Teratology, 3, 17–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker, B. E. and Fraser, F. C. (1956) Closure of the secondary palate in three strains of mice, Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, 4, 176–189.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, B. E. (1959) Effects on palate development of mechanical interference with the fetal environment, Science, 130, 981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, B. E. (1961) The association of mucopolysaccharides with morphogenesis of the palate and other structures in mouse embryos, Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, 9, 22–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker, B. E. (1969) Correlation of embryonic movement with palatal closure in mice, Teratology, 2, 191–198.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker, B. E. (1971) Palatal morphogenesis in the rabbit, Archives of Oral Biology, 16, 275–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, H. E. (1974) Induction of cleft palate in mice by tranquillizers and barbiturates, Teratology, 10 (2), 159–163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wee, E. L., Babiarz, B.S., Zimmerman, S. and Zimmerman, E. F. (1979) Palate morphogenesis, IV. Effects of serotonin and its antagonists on rotation in embryo culture, Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, 53, 75–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilk, A. L., King, C. T. G. and Pratt, R. M. (1978) Chlorcyclizine induction of cleft palate in the rat: degradation of palatal glycosaminoglycans, Teratology, 18, 199–210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood, P. J. and Kraus, H. S. (1962) Prenatal development of the human palate. Some histological observation, Archives of Oral Biology, 7, 137–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woollam, D. H. M. and Millen, J. (1957) Effect of cortisone on the incidence of cleft palate induced by experimental hypervitominosis A, British Medical Journal, 2, 197–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wragg, L. E., Smith, J. A. and Borden, C. (1969) Tongue muscle morphology and function at the time of 2° palate closure in the rat, Anatomical Record, 163, 288.
   Google Scholar
• Wragg, L. E., Smith, J. A. and Borden, C. S. (1972) Myoneural maturation and function of the foetal rat tongue at the time of secondary palate closure, Archives of Oral Biology, 17, 673–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wragg, L. E., Diewert, V. M. and Klein, M. (1972) Spatial relations in the oral cavity and the mechanism of secondary palate closure in the rat, Archives of Oral Biology, 17, 683–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeiler, K. B., Weinstein, S. and Gibson, R. D. (1964) A study of the morphology and the time of closure of the palate in the albino rat, Archives of Oral Biology, 9, 545–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, E. F. (1979) Palate morphogenesis: role of contractile proteins and neurotransmitters, In Advances in the study of birth defects, Vol. 3, Abnormal embryogenesis, cellular and molecular aspects, T. V. N. Persaud(Ed.), pp. 143–159, Lancaster: M.T.P. Press.
   Google Scholar