The Life of Charlotte Brontë: A Watershed in Gaskell's Writing

References

• Elizabeth Gaskell, The Life of Charlotte Brontë, ed. with an introduction by Angus Easson (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 121.
   Google Scholar
• Margaret Lesser, ‘Madame Mohl and Mrs Gaskell’, Gaskell Society Journal, 13 (1999) 5 36–53 (p. 48).
   Google Scholar
• Shirley Foster, Elizabeth Gaskell: A Literary Life (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, zooz), p. 121.
   Google Scholar
• Further Letters of Mrs Gaskell, ed. by John Chapple and Alan Shelston (Manchester: Manchester University Press, woo), PP. 99–104. The editors have prefixed the addressee, John Forster, with a question mark, which suggests that there is some doubt about the intended recipient of this letter. For the letter to an unknown correspon-dent see The Letters of Mrs Gaskell, ed. by J. A. V. Chapple and Arthur Pollard (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1966), pp. 247–50.
   Google Scholar
• Brontë Country, ed. by Glenda Leeming (London: Grange Books, 1994), p. 6.
   Google Scholar
• For an account of these visits to Chelsea see The Letters of Mrs Gaskell, pp. 797–98.
   Google Scholar
• Donald D. Stone, The Romantic Impulse in Victorian Fiction (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 140.
   Google Scholar
• The Letters of Mrs Gaskell, p. 398.
   Google Scholar
• Clopton Hall, a descriptive essay published by William Howitt in 1840, is believed to have originated in a school essay composed after a visit to a mansion in Warwickshire (J. G. Sharps, Mrs Gaskell's Observation and Invention: A Study of Her Non-Biographic Works (Fontwell: Linden Press, 1970), p. 29).
   Google Scholar
• For an account of Charlotte Bronte's feelings for Heger, and for an account of Elizabeth Gaskell's interpretation of this situation, see Angus Easson, Gaskell's Life of Charlotte Brontë, p. 504, note to p. 171.
   Google Scholar
• For additional analysis of Charlotte Brontë's emotional attachment to Heger see Lyndall Gordon, Charlotte Brontë': A Passionate Life (London: Chatto and Windus, 1994), pp. 113–22.
   Google Scholar
• The Letters of Mrs Gaskell, ed. by J. A. V. Chapple and Arthur Pollard (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1966), P. 42.9.
   Google Scholar
• The Letters of Mrs Gaskell, ed. by J. A. V. Chapple and Arthur Pollard (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1966), p. 418. For Patrick Brontë's view of Mrs Robinson as Branwell's ‘diabolical seducer’, see Angus Easson, Gaskell's Life of Charlotte Brontë, p. 520.
   Google Scholar
• See ‘A "Religious" Family Disgraced: New Information on a Passage Deleted from Mrs Gaskell's Life of Charlotte Brontë’ by Sarah Fermi in Brontë Society Transactions 20. 5 (1992), 289–95.
   Google Scholar
• The Letters of Mrs Gaskell, ed. by J. A. V. Chapple and Arthur Pollard (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1966), pp. 461 and 506.
   Google Scholar
• Norton was first introduced to Gaskell in 1850 in London. This initial meeting is recorded in a letter written by Norton on 5 June 1855 (Letters of Mrs Gaskell and Charles Eliot Norton: 1855–1865, ed. by Jane Whitehill (London: Oxford University Press, 1932; repr. Hildesheim and New York: Georg Olms, 1973), pp. I—z). This early meeting made a more lasting impression on Norton than on Gaskell, and the friendship between the two developed from the time when they renewed their acquaintance in Rome, during the summer of 1855.
   Google Scholar
• For an account of Elizabeth Gaskell's friendship with Madame Mohl (nee Clarke), see Gaskell Society Journal, 13 (1999), 36–53, and Margaret Lesser's Clarkey: A Portrait in Letters (Oxford: Oxford University Press 1984).
   Google Scholar
• Now in Elizabeth Gaskell, My Lady Ludlow and Other Stories, ed. with an introduction by Edgar Wright (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), pp. 271–333.
   Google Scholar
• Sharps, Mrs Gaskell's Observation and Invention, p. 249, including footnote 3.
   Google Scholar
• Further Letters of Mrs Gaskell, ed. by John Chapple and Alan Shelston (Manchester: Manchester University Press, woo), pp. 168–69.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid., p. 169. As The Poor Clare was published in December 1856, 1856 must be the year when Gaskell heard about the Poor Clares, and not 1857 which is the year attributed to the letter in question.
   Google Scholar
• Brontë Society Transactions, zo.5 (1992), 289–95.
   Google Scholar
• The story was subsequently reprinted as The Crooked Branch, in Right at Last, and Other Tales (1860) pp. 245–318; it is now in Elizabeth Gaskell, Cousin Phillis and Other Tales, ed. with an introduction by Angus Easson (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), pp. 195–238.
   Google Scholar
• Elizabeth Gaskell, The Moorland Cottage and Other Tales, ed. with an introduction by Suzanne Lewis (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 3–100.
   Google Scholar
• Juliet R. V. Barker, ‘Saintliness, Treason and Plot: The Writing of Mrs Gaskell's Life of Charlotte Brontë’, Brontë Society Transactions, 21.4 (1994), 101–15.
   Google Scholar