Atomizing molten metals — a review

References

• R. P. Fraser, P. Eisenklam, and N. Dombrowski. Liquid Atomization in Chemical Engineering. Brit. Chem. Eng. 2: 414-417, 496-501, 536-543, 610-613 (1957).
   Google Scholar
• W. D. Jones. Fundamental Principles of Powder Metallurgy. Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., 1st. ed., London. 212 (1960).
   Google Scholar
• B. N. Putimtsev. Mechanism of Distri-bution of a Molten Metal Jet by a Gas Stream. Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 5: 351–355 (1971).
   Google Scholar
• Y. I. Naida. Deformation and Disinte-gration of Liquid Particles by a Gas Stream. Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 3: 21–25 (1971).
   Google Scholar
• G. A. Roberts and A. H. Grobe. Pre-alloyed Steel Powders. Iron Age. 163: 78–79 (1949).
   Google Scholar
• A. H. Grobe and G. A. Roberts. Technology of Prealloyed Stainless Steel Powders-Properties, Production, Uses. Precision Metal Molding. 10: 23-26, 67-70 (July, 1952); 10: 36-38, 74-75 (August, 1952).
   Google Scholar
• G. J. Comstock. Method for the Comminution of Molten Metals. U. S. Patent 2,384,892 (Sept., 1945).
   Google Scholar
• W. D. Jones. Metal Powders for Engin-eering Purposes: A Review. Iron and Steel Institute Special Report No. 58: 1-7 (1954).
   Google Scholar
• J. E. Hurst and F. W.. Berk and Co. Ltd. A Process for the Manufacture of Metal Powders. British Patent 553,672 (June, 1943).
   Google Scholar
• J. F. Watkinson. Atomization of Metal and Alloy Powders. Powder Metallurgy 1/2: 13–23 (1958).
   Google Scholar
• P. U. Gummeson. Modern Atomizing Techniques. Powder Metallurgy 15: 67–94 (1972).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. S. Bufferd and P. U. Gummeson. Application Outlook for Superalloy P/M Parts. Metal Progess 99: 68-71 (April, 1971).
   Google Scholar
• K. Zander. The ASEA-STORA Process Production of Highly Alloyed Quality Steels by a New Quintus Process. Powder Metallurgy International 2: 129-134 (1970).
   Google Scholar
• A. F. Silaev and V. S. Rokovskii. Some Problems of Obtaining Iron and Ferroalloy Powders by Atomization. Soviet Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 4: 84–89 (1962).
   Google Scholar
• M. B. Lev, E. I. Pavlovskaya, B. F. Shibryaev, and B. L. Barkan. Product-ion of Spherical Iron Powder by Atomization of the Molten Metal. Soviet Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 2: 89–98 (1964).
   Google Scholar
• Y.L Naida and O. S. Nichiporenko. Atomization of Liquid Bronze and Properties of the Resulting Powders. Soviet Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 7: 23–28 (1967).
   Google Scholar
• Y. I. Naida and O. S. Nichiporenko. Calculation and Design of Sprayers for Spraying Liquid Metals. Soviet Metal-lurgy and Metal Ceramics. 6: 5–11 (1969).
   Google Scholar
• J. F. Ingram and C. Durdaller. Develop-ments of an Improved Manufacturing Process for the Production of Higher-Purity Superalloy Powders. U. S. Air Force Report. AD 811330.
   Google Scholar
• G. Freidman and E. Kosinski High Performance Material from a Hot-Worked Superalloy Powder. Progress in Powder Metallurgy 25: 3–15 (1969).
   Google Scholar
• S. Abkowitz. A New Way to Make Titanium Alloy Composites. Metal Process 66: 62–65 (1966).
   Google Scholar
• A. R. Kaufmann. Method and Appa-ratus for Making Powder. U. S. Patent 3,099,041 (July, 1963).
   Google Scholar
• J. M. Wentzell. Methods for Powdering Metals. U. S. Patent 3,510,546 (May, 1970).
   Google Scholar
• A. G. Todd and A. J. R. Soler-Gomez, Vacuum Atomization. (The General Electric Co. Ltd., Hirst Research Center, Wembley, England). Presented at the 7th Plansee Seminar, Austria (1971).
   Google Scholar
• E. G. Lierke and G. Griebhamner. The Formation of Metal Powders by Ultrasonic Atomization of Molten Metals. Ultrasonics 5: 224–228 (1967).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E.L Pavlovskaya, M. B. Lev and B. L. Barkan. Preparation of Metal Powders with Spherical Particles Using a Metal-lization Apparatus. Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 6: 502–507 (1963).
   Google Scholar
• E. J. HalL Metal-Disintegrating Apparatus. U. S. Patent 1,501,449 (July, 1924).
   Google Scholar
• E. J. Hall. Process for Disintegrating Metal. U. S. Patent 1,659,291 (Feb., 1928).
   Google Scholar
• E. J. Hall. Nozzle Intended for Use in Disintegrating Apparatus. U. S. Patent 1,545,253 (July, 1925).
   Google Scholar
• G. E. Seil. Method of an Apparatus for Subdividing Material. U. S. Patent 1,859,992 (May, 1932).
   Google Scholar
• W. Hegmann. Apparatus and Method for Producing Metallic Dust. U. S. Patent 2,006,891 (July, 1935).
   Google Scholar
• H. M. Williams and V. W. Bihlman. An Apparatus for Comminuting Metals. U. S. Patent 1,856,679 (May, 1932).
   Google Scholar
• F. W. Berk and Co. Ltd. Manufacture of Metal Powders. British Patent 745,081 (June, 1954).
   Google Scholar
• J. S. Thompson. A Study of Process Variables in the Production of Alumi-num Powder by Atomization. J. Inst. of Metals. 74: 101–132 (1948).
   Google Scholar
• J. O. Hinze and H. Milborn. Atomizing of Liquids by Means of a Rotating Cup. J. of Applied Mechanics 17 (June, 1950).
   Google Scholar
• S. J. Freidman, F. A. Glukert and W. R. Marshall, Jr. Centrifugal Disc Atomiz-ation. Chem. Engr. Progress 48: 181–191 (1952).
   Google Scholar
• W. H. Walton and W. C. Prewett. The Production of Sprays and Mists of Uniform Drop Size by Means of Spin-ning Disc-Type Sprayers. Proceedings of the Physical Society, Section B, Vol. 62, Part 6, 354B: 341-350 (June, 1949).
   Google Scholar
• D. J. Ryley. An Electrically-Driven Disc Atomizer for High Speeds of Rotation. J. of Scientific Instruments, 35: 237–240 (1958).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Jones and M. H. Burden. A Rotary Atomization Technique for Bulk Splat Cooling. J. of Physics E: Scientific Instruments 4: 671–674 (1971).
   Google Scholar
• R. S. Bush. Pellet Metallurgy of Magnesium. Metal Industry 97: 275-300 (Sept., 1960).
   Google Scholar
• Dow Chemical Co. Atomizing Magne-sium, British Patent 746,301 (Feb., 1954).
   Google Scholar
• Dow Chemical Co. Atomizing Aluminum or Aluminum Alloys. British Patent 754,180 (Aug., 1954).
   Google Scholar
• V. P. Severdenko, E. B. Lozhechnikov and R. A. Repin. Production of Aluminum Granules by Centrifuging. Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 3: 233-235 (1968)
   Google Scholar
• R. L. Probst. Production and Use of Spherical Metal Powders. Metal Pro-gress 82: 107-110 (July, 1962).
   Google Scholar
• R. L. Probst, C. H. Sayre and P. I. Karp. Atomizing Nozzle. U. S. Patent 3,253,783 (May, 1966).
   Google Scholar
• T. S. Ullman and C. J. Lecznar. Method and Apparatus for Producing Metal Powders. U. S. Patent 3,501,802 (March, 1970).
   Google Scholar
• B. N. Putimtsev. Conditions of Prepara-tion and Properties of Atomized Iron and Iron-Alloy Powders. Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 11: 839–844 (1968).
   Google Scholar
• M. Sugiyama, H. Suzuki and T. Furukawa. A Study of Atomization. Nippon Kinzoku Gakukaishi 22: 165–168 (1958).
   Google Scholar
• S. Small and T. J. Bruce. The Comparison of Characteristics of Water and Inert Gas Atomized Powders. International Journal of Powder Metallurgy 4: 7-17 (1968).
   Google Scholar
• K. Tamura and T. Takeda. On the Manufacturing of Copper Alloy Powders by Liquid Atomization. Trahs of National Research Inst. for Metills 7: 14–19 (1965).
   Google Scholar
• R. A. Huseby. Method of Making Metal Powders. U. S. Patent 3,325,277 (June, 1967).
   Google Scholar
• W. Hegmann. Comminuting-Nozzle. U. S. Patent 2,868,587 (Jan., 1959).
   Google Scholar
• O. S. Nichiporenko. Investigation of the Process of Bronze Atomization by Air. Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 12: 947–949 (1967).
   Google Scholar
• O. S. Nichiporenko and Y. I. Naida. Disintegration of a Metal Jet by a Gas Stream. Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 12: 973–976 (1966).
   Google Scholar
• U. R. Date, G. S. Tendolkar and M. N. Vartak. A Statistical Interpretation of Metal Atomization. International Journal of Powder Metallurgy. 3 (1967).
   Google Scholar
• O. S. Nichiporenko and Y. T. Naida: Fashioning the Shape of Sprayed Powder Particles. Soviet Powder Metal-lurgy and Metal Ceramics. 10: 753–755 (1968).
   Google Scholar
• W. D. Jones. Fundamental Principles of Powder Metallurgy. Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., 1st. ed., London, 224, 227 (1960).
   Google Scholar
• F. W. Berk and Co. Improvements in or Relation to the Manufacture of Copper Powders. British Patent 811,507 (May, 1956).
   Google Scholar
• I. M. Fedorchenkoand O.. S. Nichiporenko. Factors Determining the Formation of Powder Particles During Atomization by a Gas Stream. Soviet Physics—Doklady. 13: 262–264 (1968).
   Google Scholar
• O. S. Nichiporenko and Y. I. Naida. Preparation of Nickel Powder by Ato-mization. Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics. 12: 955–957 (1970).
   Google Scholar
• W. L. Batten and G. A. Roberts. Apparatus for Atomizing Molten Metal. U. S. Patent 2,956,304 (Oct., 1960).
   Google Scholar
• Powder Metallurgy: A Sleeping Giant, Iron Age 28: 63–67 (1971).
   Google Scholar