References
- Solow B, Barrett MJ, Brown T: Craniocervical morphology and posture in Australian Aboriginals. Am JPhys Anthrop 1982; 59:33–45.
- Kylämarkula S, Huggare JÅV: Morphology of the first cervical vertebra in children with enlarged adenoids. Eur J Orthod 1985; 7:93–96.
- Kylämarkula S, Huggare JÅV: Head posture and the morphology of the first cervical vertebra. Eur J Orthod 1985; 7:151–156.
- Huggare JÅV: The first cervical vertebrae as an indicator of mandibular growth. Eur J Orthod 1989; 11:10–16.
- Huggare JÅV: Association between morphology of the first cervical vertebra, head posture, and craniofacial structures. Eur J Orthod 1991; 13:435–440.
- Huggare JÅV, Cooke MS: Head posture and cervicovertebral anatomy as mandibular growth predictors. Eur J Orthod 1994; 16:175–180.
- Sandikçioglu M, Skov S, Solow B: Atlas morphology in relation to craniofacial morphology and head posture. Eur J Orthod 1994; 16:96–103.
- Huggare JÅV, Houghton P: Association between atlantoaxial and craniomandibular anatomy. Growth Dev Aging 1996; 60:21–30.
- Grave B, Brown T, Townsend G: Comparison of cervicovertebral dimensions in Australian Aborigines and Caucasians. Eur J Orthod 1999: 21:127–135.
- Solow B, Tallgren A: Natural head position in standing subjects. Acta Odont Scand 1971; 29:591–607.
- Solow B, Tallgren A: Head posture and craniofacial morphology. Am J Phys Anthropol 1976; 44:417–436.
- Marcotte MR: Head posture and dentofacial proportions. Angle Orthod 1981; 51:208–213.
- Solow B, Siersbæk-Nielsen S, Greve E: Airway adequacy, head posture and craniofacial morphology. Am J Orthod 1984; 86:214–223.
- Solow B, Siersbæk-Nielsen S: Growth changes in head posture related to craniofacial development. Am J Orthod 1986; 89:505–507.
- Hellsing E, Reigo T, McWilliam J, Spangfort E: Cervical and lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis in 8, 11 and 15-year-old children. Eur J Orthod 1987; 9:129–138.
- Hellsing E, McWilliam J, Reigo T, Spangfort E: The relationship between craniofacial morphology, head posture and spinal curvature in 8, 11, and 15-year-old children. Eur J Orthod 1987; 9:254–264.
- Showfety KJ, Vig PS, Matteson S, Phillips C: Associations between the post-thodural orientation of sella-nasion and skeletodental morphology. Angle Orthod 1987; 57:99–112.
- Cooke MS, Wei SHY: Intersex differences in craniocervical morphology and posture in southern Chinese and British Caucasians. Am J Phys Anthropol 1988; 77:43–51.
- Huggare JÅV, Raustia A: Head posture and cervicovertebral and craniofacial morphology in patients with craniomandibular dysfunction. J Craniomandib Pract 1992; 13:435–440.
- Solow B, Siersbæk-Nielsen S: Cervical and craniocervical posture as predicttors of craniofacial growth. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1992; 101:449458.
- Özbek MM, Köklü A: Natural cervical inclination and craniofacial structure.Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1993; 104:584–591.
- Huggare JÅV, Tellervo Laine-Alava, M: Nasorespiratory function and head posture. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1997; 112:507–511.
- Bench RW: Growth of the cervical vertebrae as related to tongue, face, and denture behavior. Am J Orthod 1963; 49:183–214.
- Linder-Aronson S: Adenoids: their effect on mode of breathing and nasal airflow and their relationship to characteristics of the facial skeleton and the dentition. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1970; [Suppl]:265.
- Linder-Aronson S: Effects of adenoidectomy on dentition and nasopharynx. Am J Orthod 1974; 65:1–15.
- Carlsöö S, Leijon G: A radiographic study of the position of the hyo-laryngeal complex in relation to the skull and the cervical column in man. Stockholm and Umeå: Transactions of the Royal Schools of Dentistry 1960; 5:13–34.
- Miralles R, Moya H, Ravera MJ, Santander H, Zuniga C, Carvajal R, Yazigi C: Increase of the vertical occlusal dimension by means of a removable orthodontic appliance and its effect on craniocervical relationships and position of the cervical spine in children. J Craniomandib Pract 1997; 15(3):221–228.
- Stringert HG, Worms FW: Variations in skeletal and dental patterns in patients with structural and functional alterations of the temporomandibular joint: a preliminary report. Am J Orthod 1986; 89:285–297.
- Brand JW, Nielson KJ, Tallents RH, Nanda RS, Currier GF, Owen WL: Lateral cephalometric analysis of skeletal patterns in patients with and without internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1995; 107:121–128.
- Nebbe B, Major PW, Prasad NG, Grace M, Kamelchuk LS: TMJ internal derangement and adolescent craniofacial morphology: a pilot study. Angle Orthod 1997; 6:407–414.
- Bosio JA, Burch JG, Ross HT, Wade DB, Beck FM: Lateral cephalometric analysis of asymptomatic volunteers and symptomatic patients with or without bilateral temporomandibular joint disk displacement. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1998; 114:248–255.
- McRae DL: The significance of abnormalities of the cervical spine. Am J Roentgen Rad Ther Nucl Med 1960; 84:3–25.
- Kantor ML, Norton LA: Normal radiographic anatomy and common anomalies seen in cephalometric films. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1987; 91:414–426.
- Clark GT, Green EM, Dornan MR, Flack VF: Craniocervical dysfunction levels in a patient sample from a temporomandibular joint clinic. JADA 1987; 115:251–256.
- Cacchiotti DA, Plesh O, Bianchi P, McNeill C: Signs and symptoms in samples with and without temporomandibular disorders. J Craniomandib Disord Fac Oral Pain 1991; 5:167–172.
- De Laat A, Meuleman H, Stevens A, Verbeke G: Correlation between cervical spine and temporomandibular disorders. Clin Oral Invest 1998; 2:54–57.
- Ciancaglini R, Testa M, Radaelli G: Association of neck pain with symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction in the general adult population. Scand J Rehab Med 1999; 31:17–22.
- Hensinger RN. Congenital anomalies of the cervical spine. Clin Orthop 1991; 264:16–38.
- Vastardis H, Evans CA: Evaluation of cervical spine abnormalities on cephalometric radiographs. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1996; 109:581588.
- Steiner CC: Cephalometric for you and me. Am J Orthod 1953; 39:729–755.
- Visscher CM, Lobbezoo F, De Boer W, Van Der Zaag J, Verheij JGC, Naeije M: Clinical tests in distinguishing between persons with or without craniomandibular or cervical spinal pain complaints. Eur J Oral Sci 2000; 108:475–483.
- Tasaki MM: Magnetic resonance imaging and arthrographic assessment of temporomandibular joint disk displacements [Thesis]. Umea, Sweden: University of Umea, 1993.
- Tasaki MM, Westesson P-L, Isberg AM, Ren Y-F, Tallents RH: Classification and prevalence of temporomandibular joint disk displacement in patients and symptom-free volunteers. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1996; 109:249–262.
- Katzberg RW, Dolwick MF, Bales DS, Helms CA: Arthroscopy of the temporomandibular joint: new technique and preliminary observations. Am J Roentgen 1979; 132:949–955.
- Mølhave A: En biostatisk undersøgelse [Thesis]. Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1958.
- Solow B, Tallgren A: Postural changes in craniocervical relationships. Tandlaegebladet 1971; 75(12):1247–1257.
- Broadbent BH Sr, Broadbent BH Jr, Golden WH: Bolton standards of dentofacial developmental growth. St. Louis: CV Mosby, 1975:85–87.
- Meschan I: Synopsis of analysis of roentgen signs in general radiology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1978:189.
- Salzmann JA: Roentgenographic cephalometrics: atlas of norm. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1961; 29–30,130.
- Snell RS, Wyman AC: An al radiographic anatomy. Boston: Little, Brown, 1976; 275.
- Rakosi T, Irmtrud J: Diagnostica ortognatodontica. Milano: Masson Ed. It. Nidoli G, 1993; 186.
- Dahlberg G: Statistical methodsfor medical and biological students. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1940.
- . Helwig JT, Council KA, eds.: SAS user’s guide. Raleigh, NC, SAS Institute, Inc, 1979.
- Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Mulle KE: Applied regression analysis and other multivariable methods. 2nd ed. Boston: PWS-KENT Publishing Company, 1988.
- Glanz SA: Primer of biostatistics. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc, 1997.
- Al-Abbasi H, Mehta NR, Forgione AG, Clark RE: The effect of vertical dimension and mandibular position on isometric strength of cervical flexors. J Craniomandib Pract 1999; 17(2):85–92.
- Dworkin SF, LeResche L: Research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders. Review, criteria, examinations and specifications, critique. J Craniomandib Disord Facial Oral Pain 1992; 6:301–355.
- Kight M, Gatchel RJ, Wesley L: Temporomandibular disorders: evidence for significant overlap with psychopathology. Health Psychol 1999; 18:177182.
- Sessle BJ, Hu JW, Amano N, Zhong G: Convergence of cutaneous, tooth pulp, visceral, neck and muscle afferents onto nociceptive and non-nociceptive neurons in trigeminal sub-nucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn) and its implications for referred pain. Pain 1986; 27:219–235.
- Coderre TJ, Katz J, Vaccarino AL, Melzack R: Contribution of central neu roplasticity to pathological pain: review of clinical and experimental evidence. Pain 1993; 52:259–285.
- Moya H, Miralles R, Zuniga C, Carvajal R, Rocabado M, Santander H: Influence of stabilization occlusal splint on cranio-cervical relationships. Part I: cephalometric analysis. J Craniomandib Pract 1994; 12(1):47–51.
- Dibbets JMH: Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and craniofacial form. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1996; 110:73–78.
- Weinberg LA: Practical evaluation of the lateral temporomandibular joint radiograph. J Prosthet Dent 1984; 51:676–685.
- Weinberg LA: An evaluation of occlusal factors in TMJ dysfunction-pain syndrome. J Prosthet Dent 1979; 41:198–208.
- Pullinger AG, Solberg WK, Hollender L, Petersson A: Relationship of mandibular condylar position to dental occlusion factors in an asymptomatic population. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1987; 91:200–206.
- Pullinger AG, Hollender L, Solberg WK, Petersson A: A tomographic study of mandibular condyle position in an asymptomatic population. J Prosthet Dent 1985; 53:706–713.
- Pullinger AG, Seligman DA: Overbite and overjet characteristics of refined diagnostic groups of temporomandibular disorder patients. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1991; 100:401–415.
- Perry HT: Relation of occlusion to temporomandibular dysfunction: the orthodontic viewpoint. JADA 1969; 79(1):137–141.
- Loiselle RJ: Relation of occlusion to temporomandibular joint dysfunction: the prosthodontic viewpoint. JADA 1969; 79(1):145–146.
- Greene CS: A survey of current professional concepts and opinions about the myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD) syndrome. JADA 1973; 86:128–135.
- Rey R, Barghi N, Bailey JO: Correlation between Angle’s occlusion and mandibular dysfunction [Abstract 930]. J Dent Res 1981; 60:542.
- Solberg WK, Seligman DA: Temporomandibular orthopedics: a new vista in orthodontics. In: Johnston LA Jr, ed. New vistas in orthodontics. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1985;148–183.
- Mohlin B, Kopp S: A clinical study on the relationship between malocclusions, occlusal interferences and mandibular pain and dysfunction. Swed Dent 1978; 2:105–112.
- Pullinger AG, Seligman DA, Solberg WK: Temporomandibular disorders. Part II. Occlusal factors associated with temporomandibular joint tenderness and dysfunction. J Prosthet Dent 1988; 59:363–367.
- Ricketts RM: Abnormal function of the temporomandibular joint. Am J Orthod 1955; 41:435–441.
- Owens AH: Orthodontic/orthopedic treatment of craniomandibular pain dysfunction. Part 2. Posterior condylar displacement. J Craniomandib Pract 1984; 2:334–349.
- Ireland VE: The problem of “the clicking jaw”. J Prosthet Dent 1953; 3:200–212.
- Gerber A: Kiefergelenk und Zahnokklusion. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1971; 26:119–141. (English translation, Condylator Service, Zurich.)
- Berry DC, Watkinson AC: Mandibular dysfunction and incisor relationship: a theoretical explanation for the clicking joint. Br Dent J 1978; 144:74–77.
- Bell WE: Clinical management of temporomandibular disorders. Chicago: Year Book Medical, 1982; 71–74.
- Heloe B, Heiberg AN, Krogstad BS: A multiprofessional study of patientswith myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. I. Acta Odontol Scand 1980; 38:1–9.
- Lieberman M, Gazit E, Fuchs C, Lilos P: Mandibular dysfunction in 10–18 year old school children as related to morphological occlusion. J Oral Rehabil 1985; 12:209–214.
- Seligman DA, Pullinger AG, Solberg WK: Temporomandibular disorders. Part III. Occlusal and articular factors associated with muscle tenderness. J Prosthet Dent 1988; 59:483–489.
- Williamson EH: Temporomandibular dysfunction in pretreatment adolescent patients. Am J Orthod 1977; 72:429–433.
- Williamson EH: On occlusion and TMJ dysfunction. Part I. J Clin Orthod 1981; 15:333–350.
- Riolo ML, Brandt D, TenHave TR: Associations between occlusal characteristics and signs and symptoms of TMJ dysfunction in children and young adults. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1987; 92:467–477.
- Roberts CA, Tallents RH, Katzberg RW, Sanchez-Woodworth RE, Espeland MA, Handelman SL: Comparison of internal derangements of the TMJ with occlusal findings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1987; 63:645–650.
- Kampe T, Carlsson GE, Hennerz H, Haraldson T: Three year longitudinal study of mandibular dysfunction in young adults with intact and restored dentitions. Acta Odontol Scand 1987; 45:25–30.
- Enlow DH: Handbook of facial growth. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co., 1982.
- Hilloowala RA, Trent RB, Pifer RG: Interrelationships of brain, cranial base and mandible. J Craniomandib Pract 1998; 16(4):267–274.
- Wei SHY: The variability of roentgenographic cephalometric lines of reference. Angle Orthod 1968; 38:74–78.
- Lundstrom A: Head posture in relation to slope of the sella-nasion line. Angle Orthod 1982; 52:79–82.