Goats with Cattle and Hands from Graves: Towards a Fresh Look at Our Insular Superstitions

REFERENCES

• Pliny: Natural History, ed. by H. Rackham, 3, London: Heinemann, 1950, 33–34; cf. Kurt Ranke and Rolf Wilhelm Brednich (eds), Enzyklopädie des Miirchens, Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 1977 ff., 8, 1207–15.
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• Frederick Thomas Elworthy, The Evil Eye, London: John Murray, 1895, pp. 75–76.
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• Iona Opie and Moira Tatem (eds), A Dictionary of Superstitions, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 232.
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• Ibid., p. 322; Joseph Wright, The English Dialect Dictionary, 1898–1905; rpt. London: Oxford University Press, 1970, 3, 505, under lair-stone.
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• Paul Sebillot, Le Folklore de France: Le Ciel, la Nuit et les Esprits de l'Air, 1904–06; rpt. Paris: Imago, 1989, pp. 132–36.
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• Jacqueline Simpson and Steve Roud, A Dictionary of English Folklore, Oxford: Oxford University Press, woo. On the alleged calming effect of goats on horses, cattle and sheep, see St Swithin in Notes and Queries, 9th series, 5, 1900, 522.
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• Simpson and Roud, loc. cit.
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• Opie and Tatem, op. cit., p. 123. For citations on goats running with cattle, see p. 174–
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• See for instance Ella Mary Leather, The Folk-Lore of Herefordshire, 1912; rpt. Hereford: Lapridge, 1991, p. 23.
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• Cf. Opie and Tatem, op. cit., pp. 122–23.
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• Ibid., p. 123; H. P. L., Notes and Queries, 9th series, 5, 1900, 522. In fact, this reference, though with one digit missing, is given under the heading 'Goats: with Cattle', in Steve Roud, The Penguin Guide to the Superstitions of Britain and Ireland, London: Penguin, 2003, pp. 215–16, along with other citations correcting the impression that the custom of running a goat with cattle did not extend to the south of England.
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• M. A. Courtney, Cornish Feasts and Folklore, 1890; rpt. as Folklore and Legends of Cornwall, Cornwall Books: Exeter, 1989, p. 141.
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• Sabine Baring-Gould, Winefred, 1900; rpt. Pulborough, West Sussex: Praxis Books, 1994, p. 228. On Baring-Gould as a folklorist, see Simpson and Roud, op. cit., p. 17.
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• Transactions of the Devonshire Association, 28, 1896, 96; 49, 1917, 76; 86, 1954, 297–98. To strat, meaning 'to abort' or 'to bring forth young prematurely', is a south-western word applying not just to cows. There is for instance strat-pie alias piggy-pie, jokingly said to be made of little pigs that have died before birth or at weaning. See Wright, op. cit., 5, 806 and 4, 497.
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• Paul Sebillot, Le Folklore de France: La Faune, 1904–06; rpt. Paris: Imago, 1984, p. 130.
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• E. Hoffmann-Krayer and Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli, Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens, 9, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1938–41, 926, note 132.
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• Elena Grushko and Yurii Medvedev, Slovar' russkikh sueverii, zaklinanii, primet i poverii, Nijni Novgorod: 'Russkii Kupets' and 'Bratja. Novgoroda', 1996, p. 206.
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• Hoffmann-Krayer and Bächtold-Stäubli, op. cit., 9, 922–26.
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• Opie and Tatem, op. cit., pp. 174 and 123; Roud, op. cit., p. 216.
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• Jacob Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, 4th edn, 1875–78; rpt. Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1968, 3, 456, no. 640.
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• Roud, op. cit., p. xvi.
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• Opie and Tatem, op. cit., p. 186.
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• W. Crooke, 'The Folklore of Irish Plants and Animals', Folk-Lore, 25:2, 1914, 258.
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• Opie and Tatem, op. cit., pp. 127–38 and 446; Roud, op. cit., p. 168.
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• Briider Grimm, Kinder- und Hausmiirchen, ed. by Heinz Rölleke, Stuttgart: Reclam, 1980, 2, 156, no. 117. See also Briider Grimm, Deutsche Sagen, ed. by Heinz R011eke, Frankfurt am Main: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag, 1994, p. 189, no. 136, in which a tower near Jena is said once to have been the finger, protruding from his grave, of a young giant who had struck his mother.
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• Johannes Bolte and Georg Polivka, Anmerkungen zu den Kinder- und Hausmärchen der &I:icier Grimm, Hildesheim: Olms, 1982, 2, 550–52. In his Motif-Index of Folk-Literature, rev. edn, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1955, 2, 440, Stith Thompson assigns our story to Motif E 411.0.1, referring only to Bolte and Polivka for examples.
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• Leopold Schmidt, 'Die Hand aus dem Grab', Die Volkserzählung, Berlin: Schmidt, 1963, pp. 225–34–
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• For further accounts and references apart from those given by Bolte and Polivka, op. cit.,, and Schmidt, op. cit., see Hoffmann-Krayer, and Bächtold-Stäubli, op. cit, 3, 1379–82; Kurt Ranke and Rolf Wilhelm Brednich (eds), Enzyklopiidie des Märchens, Berlin: de Gruyter, 1977ff., 6, 54 and 443–44. For further variants, see for instance Friedrich Panzer, Bayerische Sagen und Briiuche, ed. by Will-Erich Peuckert, Göttingen: Otto Schwartz, 1956, 2, 185, no. 300; Helmut Fischer, Erzählgut der Gegenwart, Cologne: Rheinland-Verlag, 1978, p. 169, no. 725 and p. 301, no. 1406; Josef Muller, Sager, CMS Uri, Basel: Krebs, 1978, r, 62, no. 92 and 3, 70, no. 1135; Leander Petzoldt, Deutsche Volkssagen, Munich: Beck, 1978, pp. 79–80, no. 135.
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