Why Do Some Stains Fade? Part II. Effects of Dye Structure, Molecular Orbital Systems, Metals, Substrates, Moisture, and Chemical Reactions

References

• Colour Index, 3rd ed. vol 1-3. Bradford: The Society of Dyers and Colourists and The American Association of Textile Chemists and Colourists. 1971,
   Google Scholar
• Puchtler H, Sweat F: Histochemical specificity of staining methods for connective tissue fibers: Resorcin-fuchsin and Van Gieson's picro-fuchsin. Histochemie 4:24–34, 1964.
   Google Scholar
• Sweat F, Puchtler H, Rosenthal SI: Sirius red F3BA as a stain for connective tissue. Arch Path 78: 69–72, 1964.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sweat F, Puchtler H, Woo P: Periodic acid - Schiff- picro-Sirius Supra Blue GL: a light fast modification of Lillie's allochrome stain. Arch Path 78:73–75, 1964.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sweat F, Puchtler H, Sesta JJ: Periodic acid - Schiff - phospho-molybdic acid - Sirius Supra Blue FGL-CF: a convenient stain for demonstration of glomerular fibrosis. Arch Path 86:33–39, 1968.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puchtler H, McGowan AL, Meloan SN: Why do some stains fade? Part I. History, fastness ratings, light absorption, and fluoro-chromes. J Histotechnol, 12:57–61, 1989.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puchtler H, Sweat F, Terry MS, Conner HM: Investigation of staining, polarization and fluorescence microscopic properties of myoendothelial cells. J Microsc 89:95–104, 1969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meloan SN, Waldrop FS, Puchtler H: Cross-striated myoendo-thelial cells in the splenic venous sinuses. J Retkuloendothel Soc 11:566–578, 1972.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puchtler H, Waldrop FS, Carter MG, Valentine LS: Investigation of staining, polarization and fluorescence microscopic properties of myoepithelial cells. Histochemistry 40:281–289, 1974.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harper JT, Puchtler H, Meloan SN, Terry MS: Light microscopic demonstration of myoid fibrils in renal epithelial, mesangial and interstitial cells. J Microsc 91:71–85, 1970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldrop FS, Puchtler H, Valentine LS: Light microscopic demon-stration of myoid fibers in the central nervous system. J Microsc 96:45–56, 1972.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puchtler H, Waldrop FS, Meloan SN, Branch BW: Myoid fibrils in epithelial cells: studies of intestine, biliary and pancreatic path-ways, trachea, bronchi, and testes. Histochemistry 44:105–118, 1975.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puchtler H, Meloan SN, Branch BW, Gropp S: Myoepithelial cells in human thymus: staining, polarization and fluorescence micro-scopic studies. Histochemistry 45:163–176, 1975.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Puchtler H, Waldrop FS, Terry MS, Conner HM: A combined PAS-myofibril stain for demonstration of early lesions of striated muscle. J Microsc 89:329–338, 1969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puchtler H, Meloan SN, Waldrop FS: Are picro-dye reactions for collagens quantitative? Chemical and histochemical considera-tions. Histochemistry 88:243–256, 1988.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans NA, Stapleton JW: Structural factors affecting the lightfast-ness of dyed fibers. In: Venkataraman K (ed): The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes, vol VIII, Academic Press, New York, San Fran-cisco, pp 221–277, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Cunliffe PW: The action of light on dyes applied to cotton fabrics. J Textile Inst 15:T173–T194, 1924.
   Google Scholar
• McLaren K: The action of light on colouring matter. J Soc Cos-metic Chemists 18:245–264, 1967.
   Google Scholar
• Giles CH, McKay RB: The lightfastness of dyes; a review. Textile Res J 33:528–577, 1963.
   Google Scholar
• Venkataraman K: The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes, vol II. Aca-demic Press, New York, 1952.
   Google Scholar
• Pringsheim P, Vogel M: Luminescence of Liquids and Solids and Its Practical Applications. Interscience, New York, 1943.
   Google Scholar
• Lillie RD: Biological Stains, 8th ed. Williams & Wilkins, Balti-more, 1969.
   Google Scholar
• Meloan SN, Puchtler H, Valentine LS: Investigation of fluores-cence with visible light (400-600 nm). J South Carolina Med Assoc 69:27, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Ramsley AO: Fluorescence of dyes in the infrared. Color Eng 5:20–24, 1967.
   Google Scholar
• Ramsley AO: Infrared fluorescence of dyes. Amer Dyestuff Rep 57:25–29, 1968.
   Google Scholar
• Puchtler H, Meloan SN, Paschal LD: Infrared fluorescence microscopy of stained tissues: principles and technique. Histo-chemistry 68:211–230, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Meloan SN, Puchtler H, Waldrop FS, Paschal LD: Infrared fluo-rescence microscopy: effects of dye configurations and metals. Acta Anat 111:98–99, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Colour Index, 2nd ed, vol 1, 2. Bradford: The Society of Dyers and Colourists and the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, 1956.
   Google Scholar
• Richards KM: Phosphotungstic lakes. J Soc Dyers Colour 52378–380,1936.
   Google Scholar
• Linz A: Molybdenum: its increasing importance in the manufacture of fast colors for printing ink use. The American Ink Maker 1938:18–21,39.
   Google Scholar
• Williams WW, Conley JW: Molybdenum: organic pigments. Ind Eng Chem 47:1507–1510, 1955.
   Google Scholar
• Schaeffer A: Chemie der Farbstoffe und deren Anwendung. Steinkopff, Dresden, 1963.
   Google Scholar
• Lillie RD: Histochemistry of connective tissues: collagen, reticulum, basement membranes, sarcolemma, ocular membranes. Lab Invest 1:30–45, 1952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweat F, Meloan SN, Puchtler H: A modified one-step trichrome stain for demonstration of fine connective tissue fibers. Stain Technol 43227–231, 1968.
   Google Scholar
• Pratt LS: The Chemistry and Physics of Organic Pigments. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1948.
   Google Scholar
• Smith FM: An introduction to organic pigments. J Soc Dyers Colour 78:222–231, 1962.
   Google Scholar
• Spengler G, Gansheimer J: Organische Komplexverbindungen des MolyWns. Angewandte Chemie 69523–529, 1957.
   Google Scholar
• Dean JG, Kay H, Larson ML: Molybdenum chelates, esters, and organometallics. Adv Chem Ser 23357–367, 1959.
   Google Scholar
• Bentley P, McKellar JF, Phillips GO: The photochemistry of dyes, fibres and dye-fibre systems. Rev Prog Color Relat Top 533–48, 1974.
   Google Scholar
• Puchtler H, Waldrop FS, Valentine LS: Fluorescence microscopic distinction between elastin and collagen. Histochemie 3517–30, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Wuth B: The chemical constitution and fastness properties of dyes. Am Dyestuff Rep 16:25–28, 1927.
   Google Scholar
• Ackerman JW: The fading of dyes and lakes. J Phys Chem 36780–813, 1932.
   Google Scholar
• Price R: The chemistry of metal complex dyestuffs. In: Venkataraman K (ed): The Chemktry of Synthetic Dyes, vol 111. Academic Press, New York, pp 303–383, 1970.
   Google Scholar
• Rath H: Lehrbuch der Textilchemie, 3 Aufl. Springer, Berlin, 1972.
   Google Scholar
• Puchtler H, Meloan SN, Waldrop FS: Application of current chemical concepts to metal-hematein and -brazilein stains. Histochemistry 85:353–364, 1986.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meloan SN, Puchtler H: “Harris Hematoxylin”, what Harris really wrote, and mechanism of hemalum stains. JHistotechnol10:257–261,1987.
   Google Scholar
• Grifiths J: Colour and Constitution of Organic Molecules. Academic Press, London, 1976.
   Google Scholar
• Basolo F, Johnson R: Coordination Chemistry. WA Benjamin, New York, 1964.
   Google Scholar
• Gray HB: Molecular orbital theory for transition metal complexes. J Chem Educ 41:2–12, 1964.
   Google Scholar
• Bancroft WD, Ackerman JW: The fading of lakes and dyed fibres. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 18:147–150,1932.
   Google Scholar
• Schultze W: Der Einfluss von Lijsungsmitteln und Zusatzen auf die photochemische Zersetzung einiger Farbstoffe. Melliand Textilber 47537–542, 1966.
   Google Scholar
• Allen NS, McKellar JF, Mohajerani B: Lightfastness and spectroscopic properties of basic triphenylmethane dyes: effect of the substrate. Dyes and Pigments 1:49–57, 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell JB, Evans NA, Gale DJ, et al: The light fastness of modified Astrazone Methine dyes on wool. J Soc Colour 89:94–95, 1973.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck HCAv, Heertjes PM: Photochemical reactions of azo dyes in solution with different substrates. J Soc Dyers Colour 79:661–670, 1963.
   Google Scholar
• Forster T: Energieiibertragung und Fluoreszenz. Naturwiss 33:166–175, 1946.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier H: Die Photochemie der organischen Farbstoffe. Springer, Berlin, 1963.
   Google Scholar
• Wehry EL, Rogers LB: Fluorescence and phosphorescence of organic molecules. In: Hercules DM (ed): Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Analysis. Interscience, New York, pp 81–149, 1966.
   Google Scholar
• Cunliffe PW: Influence of temperature and humidity on fading. J Soc Dyers Colour 72:330–332, 1956.
   Google Scholar
• Giles CH, Baxter G, Rahman SM: Studies of high fastness to light in coloring matters in hydrophilic substrates. Textile Res J 31:831–844,1961.
   Google Scholar
• Little AH, Clayton JW: Photochemical tendering and fading of dyed textiles at different humidities. J Soc Dyers Colour 79671–677,1963.
   Google Scholar
• Bridgeman I, Peters AT: Photochemical degradation of aminoazobenzene disperse dyes in ethanolic solution. Textile Res J 44:639–645,1974.
   Google Scholar
• Cumming JW, Giles CH, McEachran AE: A study of the photochemistry of dyes on proteins and other substrates. J Soc Dyers Colour 72373–381, 1956.
   Google Scholar
• Giles CH, Eaton JC: The light fastness of dyed fibers: a statistical study. J Soc Dyers Colour 73127–160, 1957.
   Google Scholar
• Stevens B, Bingham WSW: The fading of Rhodamine B in aqueous acetone solutions. J Soc Dyers Colour 79632–636, 1963.
   Google Scholar
• Hillson PJ, Rideal E: The Becquerel effect in the presence of dyestuffs and the action of light on dyes. Proc Royal Soc A216:458–476, 1953.
   Google Scholar
• Jones F: Colouring matters. Rev Textile Progr 15268–298, 1963.
   Google Scholar
• Meloan SN, Puchtler H: On the structure and chemistry of leucofuchsin and Schiffs reagent. J Hktotechnol 9:119–122, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Hiickel W: Theoretische Grundlagen der Organischen Chemie, 2 Bd, 8 Aufl. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 1957.
   Google Scholar
• Kratzert W, Peichert R: Farbstoffe. Quelle & Meyer, Heidelberg, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Haller, Ziersch G: Untersuchungen über die Einwirkung des Lichtes auf Farbungen. Z angew Chem 43:209–215, 1930.
   Google Scholar
• Puchtler H, Sweat F: A cresyl fast violet stain for bacteria and fungi in tissues. Stain Technol 39: 1–5, 1964.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar