12
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Biologic Markers in Breast Cancer: An Update

Pages 317-325 | Published online: 18 Jul 2013

References

  • Leong AS-Y, Raymond WA: Prognostic parameters in breast cancer. Pathology 21:169–175, 1989
  • Leong AS-Y, Lee AKC: Biological indices in the assessment of breast cancer. Mol Pathol 48:M221—M238, 1995
  • Forsyth IA: The mammary gland. Clin Enclocrinol Metab 5:809–832, 1991
  • Rayter Z: Steroid receptors in breast cancer. Br J Surg 78: 528–535, 1991
  • Nicholson RI: Why ER levels may not reflect endocrine responsiveness in breast cancer. Cancer 40:25–28, 1992
  • Campbell FC, Blarney RW, Elston CW et al: Oestrogen-receptor status and sites of metastasis in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 44:456–459, 1981
  • Merkel DA, Osborne CK: Use of steroid receptor assays in cancer management. Cancer 30:5–12, 1988
  • Molino A, Turazza M, Bonetti A et al: Estrogen and proges-terone receptors in breast cancer. Correlation with clinical and pathological features and with prognosis. Oncology 49: 82–88, 1992
  • Spyratos F, Hacene K, Tubiana-Hulin M et al: Prognostic value of oestrogen and progesterone receptors in primary infiltrating ductal breast cancer. Eur J Clin Oncol 25:1233–1240, 1989
  • Collett K, Maehle BO, Skjaerven R, Aas T: The prognostic role of oestrogen, progesterone and androgen receptors in relation to patient age at operation in breast cancer patients. Breast 5:123–126, 1996
  • Collett K, Hartveit F, Skjaerven R, Maehle BO: Prognostic role of oestrogen and progesterone receptors in patients with breast cancer: relation to age and lymph node status. J Cliii Pathol 49:920–925, 1996
  • Taylor CR: Paraffin section immunocytochemistry for estro-gen receptor. The time has come. J Histotechnol 20:97–100, 1997
  • Leong AS-Y, Milios J: Comparison of antibodies to estrogen and progesterone receptors and the influence of microwave antigen retrieval. Appl Immunohistochem 1:282–288, 1993
  • Shi Sr, Gu J, KaIra KL et al: Antigen retrieval technique: a novel approach to immunohistochemistry on routinely pro-cessed tissue sections. Cell Vis 2:6–22, 1995
  • Suthipintawong C, Leong AS-Y, Chan KW, Vinyuvat S: Immunostaining of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, MIB1 and c-erbB-2 in cytological preparations—a simplified method. Diagn Cytopathol
  • Pertschuk L, Feldman J. Kim Y-D et al: Estrogen receptor (ER) immunocytochemistry in paraffin with ER1D5 predicts breast cancer endocrine response more accurately than H222Sp in frozen sections or cytosol-based ligand binding assays. Cancer 77:2541–2549, 1996
  • MacGrogan G, Soubeyran I, De Mascarel I et al: Immuno-histochemical detection of progesterone receptors in breast invasive ductal carcinomas: A correlative study of 942 cases. Appl Immunohistochem 4:219–227, 1996
  • Baak JPA, van Diest PJ, Benraadt T et al: The multicenter morphometric mammary carcinoma project (MMMCP) in the Netherlands: value of morphometrically assessed prolif-eration and differentiation. J Cell Biochetn 17G:220–225, 1993
  • Clayton F: Pathologic correlates of survival in 378 lymph node-negative infiltrating ductal breast carcinomas. Mitotic count is the best single predictor. Cancer 68:1309–1317, 1991
  • van Diest PJ, Baak JPA et al: Reproducibility of mitoses counting in 2469 breast cancer specimens: Results from the Multicenter Morphometric Mammary Carcinoma Project. Hum Pathol 23: 603-607, 1992
  • Laroye GJ, Minkin S; The impact of mitotic index on predicting outcome in breast carcinoma: a comparison of differ-ent counting methods in patients with different lymph node status. Mod Pathol 4:456–460, 1991
  • Jannink I, Risberg B, van Diest PJ, Baak JPA: Heterogeneity of mitotic activity in breast cancer. Histopathology 29:421–428, 1996
  • Bosari S, Lee AKC, Tahan SR et al: DNA flow cytometric analysis and prognosis of axillary lymph node-negative breast carcinoma. Cancer 70:1943–1950, 1992
  • Fisher B, Gunduz N, Costantino J et al: DNA flow cytomet-ric analysis of primary operable breast cancer. Cancer 68: 1465–1475, 1991
  • Keyhani-Rofagha S, O’Toole RV, Farrar WB et al: Is DNA ploidy an independent prognostic indicator in infiltrative node-negative breast adenocarcinoma? Cancer 65:1577–1582, 1990
  • O’Reilly SM, Camplejohn RS, Barnes DM et al: DNA index, S-phase fraction, histological grade and prognosis in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 61:671–674, 1990
  • Bergers E, van Diest PJ, Baak JPA: Tumor heterogeneity of DNA cell cycle variables in breast cancer measured by flow cytometry. J Clin Pathol 49:931–937, 1996
  • Raymond WA, Leong AS-Y: The relationship between growth fractions and oestrogen receptors in human breast carcinoma, as determined by immunohistochemical staining. J Pathol 158:203–211, 1989
  • Leong AS-Y, Vinyuvat S, Suthipintawong C, Milios J: A comparative study of cell proliferation markers in breast carcinomas. JPathol: Mol Pathol 48:M83—M87, 1995
  • Querzoli P, Albonico G, Ferretti S et al: MIB1 proliferative activity measured by image analysis in invasive breast can-cer. J Clin Pathol 49:926–930, 1996
  • Pinder SE, Wencyk P, Sibbering DM et al: Assessment of the new proliferation marker MIB 1 in breast carcinoma using image analysis: Associations with other prognostic factors and survival. Br J Cancer 71:146–149, 1995
  • Hendricks JB, Wilkinson EJ: Quality control considerations for Ki-67 detection and quantitation in paraffin-embedded tissue. J Cell Biochem 56:105–110, 1994
  • Leong AS-Y, Milios J, Tang SK: Is immunolocalization of proliferating nuclear antigen (PCNA) in paraffin-sections a valid index of cell proliferation? Appl Immunohistochem 1: 127–135, 1993
  • Raymond WA, Leong AS-Y: Silver-stained nucleolar orga-nizer regions in human breast carcinoma related to tumor growth fraction, as determined by Ki-67 immunostaining. Hum Pathol 20:741–746, 1989
  • Venter DJ, Kumar S, Tuzi NL, Gullick WJ: Overexpression of the c-erb-B2 oncoprotein in human breast carcinomas: Immunohistological assessment correlates with gene ampli-fication. Lancet 2:69–72, 1987
  • Van der Vijver MJ, Peterse JL: Neu-protein overexpression in breast cancer: association wit14 comedo-type ductal carci-noma in situ and limited prognostic value in stage II breast cancer. N Eng J Med 318:1239–1245, 1988
  • Lammie GA, Barnes DM, Millis RR, Gullick WJ: An im-munohistochemical study of the presence of c-erbB-2 protein in Paget’s disease of the nipple. Histopathology 15:505–514, 1989
  • Slamon DJ, Godolphin W, Jones LA et al: Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian can-cer. Science 244:707–712, 1989
  • Wright C, Angus B, Nicholson S et al: Expression of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein: A prognostic marker in human breast cancer. Cancer Res 49:2087–2091, 1989
  • Lovekin C, Ellis IO, Locker A et al: c-erbB-2 oncoprotein expression in primary and advanced breast cancer. Br J Can-cer 63:439–443, 1990
  • Bacus S, Yarden Y, Oren M et al: Neu differentiation factor (Heregulin) activates a p53 independent pathway in cancer cells. Oncogene 12:2535–2547, 1996
  • Lupu R, Cardillo M, Cho C et al: The significance of he-regulin in breast cancer tumor progression and drug resis-tance. Br Cancer Res Treat 38:57–66, 1996
  • Lane DP: p53 guardian of the genome. Nature 358:15–16, 1993
  • Hartwell LH, Kastan MB: Cell cycle control and cancer. Science 266:1821–1828, 1994
  • Eyfjord JE, Thorlacius S, Steinardottir M et al: p53 abnor-malities and genomic instability in primary human breast carcinomas. Cancer Res 55:646–651, 1995
  • Dowell SP, Hall PA: The p53 tumor suppressor gene and tumor prognosis: Is there a relationship? J Pathol 177:221-224, 1995
  • Visscher DW, Sarkar FH, Shimoyama RK, Crissman JD: Correlation between p53 immunostaining patterns and gene sequence mutations in breast carcinoma. Diagn Mol Pat 5:187–193, 1996
  • Home GM, Anderson JJ, Tiniakos DG et al: p53 protein as a prognostic indicator in breast carcinoma: a comparison of four antibodies for immunohistochemistry. Br J Cancer 73: 29–35, 1996
  • Silvestrini R, Veneroni S, Daidone MG et al: The bc12 pro-tein: a prognostic indicator strongly related to p53 in lymph node-negative breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 499–504, 1994
  • Leek RD, Kaklamanis L, Pezzella F et al: BcI2 in normal human breast and carcinoma, association with oestrogen re-ceptor-positive, epidermal growth factor receptor-negative tumors and in situ cancer. Br J Cancer 69:135–139, 1994
  • Lee WY, Jin YT, Tzeng CC: Reciprocal expression of bc12 and p53 in breast ductal carcinoma. Anticancer Res 16:3007–3012, 1996
  • Joensuu H, Pylkkanen L, Toikkanen S: BcI-2 protein expres-sion and long-term survival in breast cancer. Am J Pathol 145:1191–1198, 1994
  • Kapucuoglu N, Losi L, Eusebi V: Immunohistochemical lo-calization of BcI-2 and Bax proteins in in situ and invasive ductal breast carcinomas. Virchows Arch 430:17–22, 1997
  • Royds JA, Stephenson TJ, Rees RC et al: Nm23 protein expression in ductal in situ and invasive human breast car-cinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:727–731, 1993
  • Okubo T, Inokuma S, Takeda S, Itoyama S et al: Expression of nm23-H1 gene product in thyroid, ovary, and breast can-cers. Cell Biophys 26:205–213, 1995
  • Goodall RJ, Dawkins HJ, Robbins PD et al: Evaluation of the expression levels of nm23-H I mRNA in primary breast can-cer, benign breast disease, axillary lymph nodes and normal breast tissue. Pathology 26:423–428, 1994
  • Kapranos N, Karaiossifidi H, Kouri E, Vasilaros S: nm23 expression in breast ductal carcinomas: a ten-year follow-up study in a uniform group of node-negative breast cancer pa-tients. Anticancer Res 16:3987–3990, 1996
  • Tokunaga Y, Urano T, Furukawa K et al: Reduced expres-sion of nm23-H1, but not of nm23-H2, is concordant with the frequency of lymph-node metastasis of human breast cancer. Jut J Cancer 55:66–71, 1993
  • Howlett AR, Petersen OW, Steeg PS, Bissell MJ: A novel function for the nm23-H1 gene: overexpression in human breast carcinoma cells leads to the formation of basement membrane and growth arrest. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:1838–1844, 1994
  • Duenas-Gonzales A, Abad-Hernandez MM, Gracia-Mata J et al: Analysis of nin23-H1 expression in breast cancer. Corre-lation with p53 expression and clinicopathological findings. Cancer Lett 101:137142, 1996
  • Royds JA, Rees RC, Stephenson TJ: Nm23-a metastatsis suppressor gene? J Pathol 173:211–212, 1994
  • Leong AS-Y: The expression of vimentin in epithelial neo-plasms. Prog Surg Pathol 12:31–48, 1991
  • Raymond WA, Leong AS-Y: Vimentin—a new prognostic parameter in breast cancer. J Pathol 158:107–114, 1989
  • Heatley M, Whiteside C, Maxwell P, Toner P: Vimentin expression in benign and malignant breast epithelium. J Clin Pathol 46:441–445, 1993
  • Domogala W, Lasota J, Dukowitz A: Vimentin expression appears to be associated with poor prognosis in node-negative ductal NOS breast carcinoma. Am J Pathol 137: 1299–1305, 1990
  • Domagala W, Striker G, Szadowska A et al: p53 protein and vimentin in invasive ductal NOS breast carcinoma—relationship with survival and sites of metastases. Eur J Can-cer 30A:1527–1534, 1994
  • Russo A, Bazan V, Morellov et al: Vimentin expression, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and flow cytometric factors. Prognostic role in breast cancer. Anal Qtumt Cytol Histol 16:365–374, 1994
  • Koutselini H, Markopoulos C. Lambropoulou S et al: Rela-tionship of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGER), prolif-erating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and vimentin expression and various prognostic factors in breast cancer patients. Cy-topathology 6:14–21, 1995
  • Hendrix MJC, Seftor EA, Seftor REB, Trevor KT: Experi-mental co-expression of vimentin and keratin intermediate filaments in human breast cancer cells results in phenotypic interconversion and increased invasive behavior. Am J Pathol 150:483–495, 1997
  • Harper JW, Adami GR, Wei N et al: The p21 cdK-interacting protein Cipl is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-clependent kinases. Cell 75:805–816, 1993
  • El-Deiry WS, Tokino T, Velculescu VE et al: WAF1, a po-tential mediator of p53 tumor suppression. Cell 75:817–825, 1993
  • El-Deiry WS, Harper JW, O’Connor PM et al: WAFUCIPI is induced in p53-mediated G I arrest and apoptosis. Cancer Res 54:1169–1174, 1994
  • Guillot C, Falette N, Paperin MP et al: p21 (WAF1/CIP1) response to genotoxic agents in wild-type TP53 expressing breast primary tumors. Oncogene 14:45–52, 1997
  • Steinman RA, Hoffman B, Iro A et al: Induction of p21 (WAF I/CIP I) during differentiation. Oncogene 9: 3389-3396, 1994
  • Michieli P, Chedid M, Lin D et al: Induction of WAF1/CIPI by a p53-independent pathway. Cancer Res 54:3391–3395, 1994
  • Zhang W, Grasso L, McClain CD et al: p53 independent GOG1 arrest and apoptosis induced by a novel retinoid in human breast cancer cells. Neogene 11:493–504, 1995
  • Johnson M, Dimitrov D, Vojta PJ et al: Evidence for a p53-independent pathway for upregulation of SD11/CIP1/WAF I/ p2l RNA in human cells. Mol Carcinog 11:59–64, 1994
  • Fredersdorf S, Milne AW, Hall PA, Lu X: Characterization of a panel of novel anti-p21Wafl/Cipl monoclonal antibod-ies and immunocytochemical analysis of p21Wafl/Cip 1 ex-pression in normal human tissues. Am] Pathol 148:825–835, 1996
  • Doglioni C, Pelosio P, Laurino L et al: p21/WAFUCIP I expression in normal mucosa and in adenomas and adeno-carcinomas of the colon: its relationship with differentiation. J Pathol 179:248–253, 1996
  • Yasui W, Akama Y, Kuniyasu H et al: Expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21/WAFI/CIP1 in non-neoplastic mucosa and neoplasia of the stomach: relationship with p53 status and proliferative activity. J Pathol 180:122–128, 1996
  • Parker SB, Eichele G, Zhang P et al: p53 independent ex-pression of p21 CIP I in muscle and other terminally differ-entiating cells. Science 267:1024–1027, 1995
  • Marchetti A, Doglioni C, Barbareschi M etal: p21 RNA and protein expression in non-small cell lung carcinomas: evi-dence of p53-independent expression and association with tumoral differentiation. 071C0 gene 12: 1319-1324, 1996
  • Jung JM, Bruner JM, Ruan S et al: Increased levels of p21 WAF1/CIP1 in human brain tumors. Oncogene 11:2021–2028, 1995
  • Balbin M, Hannon GJ, Pendas AM, Ferrando et al: Func-tional analysis of a p21 WAF1, CIP1, SDI 1 mutant (Arg94(Trp) identified in a human breast carcinoma. Evi-dence that the mutation impairs the ability of p21 to inhibit cyclin-dependent kinases. J Biol Chem 271:15782–15786, 1996
  • Barbareschi M, Caffo O, Doglioni C, Fina P etal: p21 WAF1 immunohistochemical expression in breast carcinoma: cor-relations with clinicopathological data, oestrogen receptor status, MIB I expression, p53 gene and protein alterations and relapse-free survival. Br J Cancer 74:208–215, 1996
  • DiGiuseppe JA, Redston MS, Yen CJ et al: p53-independent expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 in pancreatic carcinoma. Am J Pathol 147:884–888, 1995
  • Barboule N, Mazars P, Baldin V et al: Expression of p2 I WAFI/CIPI is heterogenous and unrelated to prolifera-tion index in human ovarian carcinoma. Int J Cancer 63: 611–615, 1995
  • Wemess BA, Jobe JS, DiCioccio RA, Piver MS: Expression of the p53 induced tumor suppressor p21WAFI/CIP I in ovarian carcinomas: correlation with p53 and Ki67 immuno-histochemistry. Jut J Gynecol Pathol 16:149–155, 1997
  • Hiyama E, Gollahon L, Kataoka T et al: Telomerase activity in human breast tumors. J Nati Cancer Inst 88:116–122, 1996
  • Nawaz S, Hashizumi TL, Markham NE et al: Telomerase expression in human breast cancer with and without lymph node metastases. Am J Clin Pathol 107:542–547, 1997
  • Milchgrub S, Yashima K, Saboorian MH etal: Expression of telomerase RNA during the multistage pathogenesis of breast cancer. Mod Pathol 10:23 (abstract), 1997
  • Folkman J: What is the evidence that tumors are angiogen-esis dependent? J Natl Cancer Inst 82:4–6, 1990
  • Weidner N, Semple JP, Welch WR et al: Tumor angiogenesis and metastases-correlation in invasive breast carcinoma. N Eng J Med 324:1–8, 1991
  • Horak ER, Leek R, Klenk N et al: Angiogenesis, assessed by platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule antibodies, as in-dicator of node metastases and survival in breast cancer. Lancet 340:1120–1124, 1992
  • Bosari S, Lee AK, DeLellis RA et al: Microvessel quantitation and prognosis in invasive breast carcinoma. Hum Pathol 23:755–761, 1992
  • Weidner N, Folkman J, Pozza F et al: Tumor angiogenesis: a new significant and independent prognostic indicator in early stage breast carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 84:1875–1887, 1992
  • Axelsson K, Ljung B-ME, Moore DH et al: Tumor angio-genesis as a prognostic assay for invasive ductal breast car-cinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:997–1008, 1995
  • Costello P, McCann A, Carney DN, Dervan PA: Prognostic significance of microvessel density in lymph node negative breast carcinoma. Hum Pathol 26: I 181–1184, 1995
  • Goulding H, Nik Abdul Rashid NF, Robertson JF et al: As-sessment of angiogenesis in breast carcinoma: important fac-tor in prognosis? Hum Pathol 26:1196–1200, 1995
  • Morphopoulos G, Pearson M, Ryden WJD et al: Tumor an-giogenesis as a prognostic marker in infiltrating lobular car-cinoma of the breast. J Pathol 180:44–49, 1996
  • Salven P, Joensuu H, Heikkila P et al: Endothelial Tie growth factor receptor provides antigenic marker for assessment of breast cancer angiogenesis. Br] Cancer 74:69–72, 1996
  • Brown LF, Berse B, Jackman RW et al: Expression of vas-cular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its receptors in breast cancer. Hum Pathol 26:86–91, 1996
  • Kemler R, Ozawa M, Ringwald M: Calcium-dependent celladhesion molecules. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1:892–897, 1989
  • Gamallo C, Palacios J, Suarez A et al: Correlation of E-cadherin expression with differentiation grade and histologi-cal type in breast carcinoma. Am] Pathol 142:987–993, 1993
  • Moll R, Mitze M, Frixen UH, Birchmeier W: Differential loss of E-cadherin expression in infiltrating ductal and lobu-lar breast carcinomas. Am .1 Pathol 143: 1731-1742, 1993
  • Siitonen SM, Kononen JT, ’Helin HJ et al: Reduced E-cadherin expression is associated with invasiveness and un-favorable prognosis in breast cancer. A117 J Clin Pathol 105: 394–402, 1996
  • Gupta SK, Douglas-Jones AG, Jasani B et al: E-cadherin (E-cad) expression in duct carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast. Virch Arch 430:23–28, 1997
  • Sormunen R, Eskelinen S, Leong AS-Y: Fodrin expression in epithelial tumors. Appl Immunohistochetn 5:179–184, 1997
  • Simpson JF, Page DC: Altered expression of a structural protein (fodrin) within epithelial proliferative disease of the breast. Am j Pathol 141:285–289, 1992
  • Sormunen R, Leong AS-Y, Vaaraniemi J et al: Correlation of foclrin and E-cadherin immunolocalization with selected prognostic indices in infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast. J Pathol
  • Friedrichs K, Ruiz P, Franke F et al: High expression level of alpha6 integrin in human breast carcinoma is correlated with reduced survival. Cancer Res 55:901–906, 1995
  • Lanzafame S, Emmanuele C, Torrisi A: Correlation of al-pha2 beta I integrin expression with histological type and hormonal receptor status in breast carcinoma. Path Res Pract 192:1031–1038, 1996
  • Ferguson JE, Schor AM, Howell A, Ferguson MW: Tenascin distribution in the normal human breast is altered during the menstrual cycle and in carcinoma. Differentiation 42:199–207, 1990
  • Howeedy AA, Virtanen I, Laitinen L et al: Differential dis-tribution of tenascin in the normal, hyperplastic and neoplas-tic breast. Lab Invest 63:798–806, 1990
  • Moch H, Torhorst J, Durmuller U et al: Comparative analysis of the expression of tenascin and established prognostic fac-tors in human breast cancer. Pathol Res Pract 189:510–514, 1993
  • Sakakura T, Kusakabe M: Can tenascin be redundant in cancer development? Perspect Dckvel Neurobial 2:111–116, 1994
  • Jahkola T, Toivonen T, Karl von Smitten et al: Expression of tenascin in invasion border of early breast cancer correlates with higher risk of distant metastasis. Intl J Cancer 69:445–447, 1996
  • Gandolfo GM, Conti L, Vercillo M: Fibrinolysis components as prognostic markers in breast cancer and colorectal carci-noma. Anti-Cancer Res 16:2155–2160, 1996
  • Chenard MP, O’Siorain L, Shering S et al: High levels of stromelysin-3 correlate with poor prognosis in patients with breast carcinoma. Intl J Cancer 69:448–451, 1966
  • Duffy MJ, Reilly D, McDermott E, O’Higgins N et al: Uro-kinase plasminogen activator as a prognostic marker in dif-ferent subgroups of patients with breast cancer. Cancer 74: 2276, 1994
  • Janicke F, Schmitt M, Pache L et al: Urokinase (uPA) and its inhibitor PAT-1 are strong and independent prognostic factors in node negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 24:195–208, 1993
  • Podor TJ, Loskutoff DJ: Immunoelectron microscopic local-ization of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor in the ex-tracellular matrix of transforming growth factor-beta-activated endothelial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 667:46, 1992
  • Hildenbrand R, Dilger I, Horlin A, Stutte HJ: Urokinase plasminogen activator induces angiogenesis and tumor vessel invasion in breast cancer. Path Res Pract 191:403–409, 1995
  • Bouchet C, Spyratos F, Martin PM et al: Prognostic value of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasmino-gen activator inhibitors PAT- I and PAI-2 in breast carcino-mas. Br J Cancer 69:398, 1994
  • Leong AS-Y: Newvistas in the histopathological assessment of cancer. Med J Aust 157:699–701, 1992

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.