Advanced search
Publication Cover
Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage Volume 1, 2012 - Issue 2
Submit an article Journal homepage
355
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

Archaeology and Heritage of the Gullah People

Jodi Barnes
&
Carl Steen
Pages 167-224 | Published online: 18 Jul 2013

References

  • Adams, Edward C. L. 1987. Tales of the Congaree. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Adams, Natalie P. 1990. Early African-American Domestic Architecture from Berkeley County, South Carolina. Master’s Thesis, University of South Carolina.
  • Adams, Natalie P. 2002. A Pattern of Living: A View of the African American Slave Experience in the Pine Forests of the Lower Cape Fear. In Another’s Country: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Cultural Interactions in the Southern Colonies, edited by Joseph W. Joseph and Martha Zierden, 65–78. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
  • Adams, Natalie, Staci Richey, and Stacey Young. 2009. Phase 1 Cultural Resources Survey of US Highway 17 Between SC-517 and Darrell Creek Trail, Charleston County, South Carolina. Columbia, South Carolina: New South Associates.
  • Adovasio, James, and Jake Page. 2003. The First Americans: In Pursuit of Archaeology’s Greatest Mystery. New York: Random House.
  • Agbaje-Williams, Babatunde. 2008. Rethinking Cultural Resources Management (CRM): A Culturist and Generic Model for Development. In Managing Archaeological Resources: Global Context, National Programs, Local Actions, edited by Francis P. McManamon, Andy Stout, and Jodi A. Barnes, 55–66. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press.
  • Agbe-Davies, Anna S. 1998. Dealing with “Race” in African American Archaeology. Anthropology Newsletter 39(5): 14.
  • Agbe-Davies, Anna S. 2001. Archaeology of the Old Eliot School. Bermuda: Old Eliot School Trust.
  • Agbe-Davies, Anna S. 2011. Reaching for Freedom, Seizing Responsibility: Archaeology at the Phyllis Wheatley Home for Girls, Chicago. In The Materiality of Freedom: Archaeologies of Postemancipation Life, edited by Jodi A. Barnes, 69–86. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Agha, Andrew. 1999. African American Slaves and Rice Dike Construction: A Preliminary Study at 38CH1659. In Willtown: An Archaeological and Historical Perspective, edited by Martha Zierden, Suzanne Linder, and Ronald Anthony, 275–282. Archaeological Contributions 27. Charleston, South Carolina: Charleston Museum.
  • Agha, Andrew, Charles Phillips, and Joshua Fletcher. 2011. Inland Swamp Rice Context, c. 1690–1783. Mount Pleasant, South Carolina: Brockington and Associates, http://nationalregister.sc.gov/SurveyReports/HC08003.pdf.
  • Anonymous. 1894. Mortuary Customs and Beliefs of South Carolina Negroes. Journal of American Folklore 7(27): 318–319.
  • Anthony, Ronald W. 1989. Cultural Diversity at Mid to Late 18th Century Lowcountry Plantation Slave Settlements. Master’s Thesis, University of South Carolina.
  • Anthony, Ronald W. 2002. Tangible Interaction: Evidence from Stobo Plantation. In Another’s Country: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on Cultural Interactions in the Southern Colonies, edited by Joseph W. Joseph and Martha Zierden, 45–64. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
  • Aptheker, Herbert. 1939. Maroons within the Present Limits of the United States. Journal of Negro History 24(2): 167–184.
  • Ascher, Robert, and Charles H. Fairbanks. 1971. Excavation of a Slave Cabin: Georgia, U.S.A. Historical Archaeology 5: 3–17.
  • Ashton, Susanna. 2010. I Belong to South Carolina: South Carolina Slave Narratives. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Bacon, Alicia M. 1895. Folklore Ethnology: Conjuring and Conjure Doctors. Southern Workman 24: 193–194, 209-211.
  • Bacon, Alicia M. 1896. Conjuring and Conjure-Doctors in the Southern United States. Journal of American Folklore 9(34): 224–226.
  • Ballanta, Nicholas G. J. 1925. Saint Helena Island Spirituals. New York: G. Schirmer, Inc.
  • Barile, Kerri S. 1999. Causes and Creations: Exploring the Relationship between Nineteenth Century Slave Insurrections, Landscape and Architecture at Middleburg Plantation, Berkeley County, South Carolina. Master’s Thesis, University of South Carolina.
  • Barnes, Jodi A. 2008. From Farms to Forests: The Material Life of an Appalachian Landscape. Doctoral Diss., American University.
  • Barnes, Jodi A. 2011a. The Materiality of Freedom: An Introduction. In The Materiality of Freedom: Archaeologies of Postemancipation Life, edited by Jodi A. Barnes, 1–25. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Barnes, Jodi A. 2011b. Land Rich and Cash Poor: The Materiality of Poverty in Appalachia. Historical Archaeology 45(4): 26–40.
  • Barnes, Jodi A. 2011c. An Archaeology of Community Life in Appalachia, 1865-1920. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 16(2): 669–706.
  • Barnes, Jodi A., and Rebekah Dobrasko. 2011. Rice Fields and Section 106: SHPO Guidance for Federal Agencies and Applicants. Columbia: South Carolina Department of Archives and History, http://shpo.sc.gov/revcomp/guidance/.
  • Bascom, William R. 1941. Acculturation among the Gullah Negroes. American Anthropologist 43(1): 43–50.
  • Battle-Baptiste, Whitney. 2011. Black Feminist Archaeology. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press.
  • Bauer, Raymond, and Alice Bauer. 1942. Day to Day Resistance to Slavery. Journal of Negro History 27(4): 388–419.
  • Beard, David. 1997. “Good Wharves and Other Conveniences”: An Archaeological Study of Riverine Adaptation in the South Carolina Lowcountry. In Carolina’s Historical Landscapes: Archaeological Perspectives, edited by Linda F. Stine, Martha Zierden, Lesley M. Drucker, and Christopher Judge, 61–70. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
  • Bell, Alison. 2005. White Ethnogenesis and Gradual Capitalism: Perspectives from Colonial Archaeological Sites in the Chesapeake. American Anthropologist 107(3): 446–460.
  • Bennett, John. 1908. Gullah: A Negro Patois. South Atlantic Quarterly 7: 332–347
  • Bennett, John. 1909. Gullah: A Negro Patois. South Atlantic Quarterly 8: 39–52.
  • Berlin, Ira. 1998. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Berry, Harrison. 1861. Slavery and Abolitionism, as Viewed by a Georgia Slave. By Harrison Berry, the Property of S. W. Price, Covington, Georgia. Atlanta, Georgia: M. Lynch and Co.
  • Binford, Lewis. 1977. Historical Archaeology: Is it Historical or Archaeological? In Historical Archaeology and the Importance of Material Things, edited by Leland Ferguson, 13–22. Special Publications 2. Lansing, Michigan: Society for Historical Archaeology.
  • Blanton, Joshua E. 1908. I Sho Ben Lub Dat Buckra. Southern Workman 37: 242–246.
  • Bolton, H. Carrington. 1891. Decoration of Graves of Negroes in South Carolina. Journal of American Folk-Lore 4(12): 214.
  • Braudel, Fernand. 1979. The Wheels of Commerce. Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, Volume 2. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Brent, Joseph L. 1971. The Non-Plantation Southern White in the 17th and 18th Centuries. In Red, White and Black: Symposium on Indians in the Old South, edited by Charles M. Hudson, 87–95. Athens, Georgia: Southern Anthropological Society.
  • Brooks, Christina. 2009. Challenges and Limitations in African-American Cemetery Studies: An Archaeological Perspective from the Carolinas. Paper presented at the First Annual Post-doctoral Fellows Conference, The Archaeology of the Recent African American Past, South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Columbia.
  • Brown, Kenneth L. 2011. BaKongo Cosmograms, Christian Crosses, or None of the Above: An Archaeology of African American Spiritual Adaptations into the 1920s. In The Materiality of Freedom: Archaeologies of Postemancipation Life, edited by Jodi A. Barnes, 209–229. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Burn, Billie. 1985. Stirrin’ the Pots on Daufuskie. Spartanburg, South Carolina: Reprint Co.
  • Byra, Patti L. 1996. The Contextual Meaning of the 1830s Landscape at Middleburg Plantation, Berkeley County, South Carolina. Master’s Thesis, University of South Carolina.
  • Cabak, Melanie A., Mark Groover, and Scott J. Wagers. 1995. Health Care and the Wayman A.M.E. Church. Historical Archaeology 29(2): 55–76
  • Campbell, Emory S. 2010. A Sense of Self and Place: Unmasking My Gullah Cultural Heritage. In African American Life in the Georgia Lowcountry, edited by Philip Morgan, 281–292. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  • Carawan, Guy, and Carawan, Candy. 1989. Ain’t Igot a Right to the Tree of Life? Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  • Carey, Brycchan, and Peter Kitson, editors. 2007. Slavery and the Cultures of Abolition: Essays Marking the Bicentennial of the British Abolition Act of 1807. Rochester, New York: Boydell and Brewer.
  • Carney, Judith A. 2001. Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Carney, Judith A., and Richard Porcher. 1993. Geographies of the Past: Rice, Slaves, and Technological Transfer in South Carolina. Southeastern Geographies 33: 127–147.
  • Carroll, Bartholomew R., editor. 1836. Historical Collections of South Carolina. New York: Harper and Brothers.
  • Cassidy, Frederick G. 1994. Gullah and the Caribbean Connection. In The Crucible of Carolina, edited by Michael Montgomery, 16–37. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  • Chaplin, Joyce E. 1992. Tidal Rice Cultivation and the Problem of Slavery in South Carolina and Georgia, 1760-1815. William and Mary Quarterly 49(1): 29–61.
  • Charleston City Gazette. 1822. Respite. Charleston City Gazette, July 12.
  • Charleston Courier. 1806. Prime Congo and Gullah Negroes. Charleston Courier, February 15.
  • Charleston Daily News. 1867a. Memoir of Bishop Elliot. Charleston Daily News, January 14.
  • Charleston Daily News. 1867b. Dialect-ics. Charleston Daily News, February 12.
  • Christensen, Abigail M. H. 1894. Spirituals and Shouts of Southern Negroes. Journal of American Folklore 7(25): 154–155.
  • Clowse, Converse D. 1971. Economic Beginnings in Colonial South Carolina, 1670–1730. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Coakley, Joyce V. 2006. Sweetgrass Baskets and the Gullah Tradition. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing.
  • Coclanis, Peter A. 1993. Distant Thunder: The Creation of a World Market in Rice and the Transformations it Wrought. American Historical Review 98(4): 1050–1078.
  • Columbia Daily Phoenix. 1869. South Carolina—Administration of Justice in a Reconstructed State. Columbia Daily Phoenix, June 12.
  • Comer, Elizabeth A. 1996. Phase I Archaeological Investigation at the Ellicott City Colored School, Ellicott City, Maryland. Baltimore, Maryland: EAC/Archaeology.
  • Commanger, Henry S., and Milton Cantor, editors. 1998. Documents of American History: To 1898. New York: Prentice-Hall.
  • Conroy, Patrick. 1972. The Water Is Wide. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Covey, Herbert C., and Dwight Eisnach. 2009. What the Slaves Ate: Recollections of African American Foods and Foodways. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press.
  • Creel, Margaret W. 1988. “A Peculiar People”: Slave Religion and Community-Culture among the Gullahs. New York: New York University Press.
  • Crook, Ray. 2001. Gullah and the Task System. Anthropology of Work Review 22(2): 24–28.
  • Crook, Ray. 2008. Gullah-Geechee Archaeology: The Living Space of Enslaved Geechee on Sapelo Island. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter, March, http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/news0308/news0308.html#1.
  • Crook, Ray, Cornelia Bailey, Norma Harris, and Karen Smith. 2003. Sapelo Voices: Historical Anthropology and the Oral Traditions of Gullah-Geechee Communities on Sapelo Island, Georgia. Carrollton: State University of West Georgia.
  • Crook, Ray, and Nicholas Honerkamp. 2012. Archaeology in a Geechee Graveyard. Southeastern Archaeology 31(1): 103–114.
  • Cross, Wilbur. 2008. Gullah Culture in America. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.
  • Crum, Mason. 1940. Gullah: Negro Life in the Carolina Sea Islands. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
  • Dabbs, Edith M. 1983. Sea Island Diary: A History of St. Helena Island. Spartanburg, South Carolina: Reprint Co.
  • Dabney, Charles W. 1931. Penn School on St. Helena Island. Southern Workman 60: 269–277.
  • Deagan, Kathleen, and Darcie McMahon. 1995. Fort Mose: America’s Black Colonial Fortress of Freedom. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
  • Deas, Anne S. 1909. Recollections of the Ball Family of South Carolina and the Comingtee Plantation. Charleston: South Carolina Historical Society.
  • DeCorse, Christopher R. 1991. West African Archaeology and the Atlantic Slave Trade. Slavery and Abolition 12(2): 92–96.
  • DeCorse, Christopher R. 2001a. An Archaeology of Elmina: Africans and Europeans on the Gold Coast, 1400-1900. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  • DeCorse, Christopher R., editor. 2001b. West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives. London: Leicester University Press.
  • Delle, James A., and Mary A. Levine. 2011. Archaeology, Intangible Heritage, and the Negotiation of Urban Identity in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Historical Archaeology 45(1): 51–66.
  • Derry, Linda, and Maureen Malloy, editors. 2003. Archaeologist and Local Communities: Partners in Exploring the Past. Washington, DC: Society for American Archaeology.
  • Doar, David. 1936. Rice and Rice Planting in the South Carolina Low Country. Charleston, South Carolina: Charleston Museum.
  • Dobrasko, Rebekah. 2011. “Integration Took the People”: Atlantic Beach, Segregation and Cultural Landscape. South Carolina Antiquities 43: 59–70.
  • Donnan, Elizabeth. 1928. The Slave Trade into South Carolina before the Revolution. American Historical Review 33(4): 804–828.
  • Du Bois, W. E. B. 1899. The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study. Boston: Ginn and Co.
  • Dunn, Richard S. 1971. The English Sugar Islands and the Founding of South Carolina. South Carolina Historical Magazine 72(31): 81–93.
  • Edelson, S. Max. 2006. Plantation Enterprise in Colonial South Carolina. Boston: Harvard University Press.
  • Elliott, Daniel T., and Patrick Garrow. 1987. An Archaeological Survey of Crowfield. Atlanta, Georgia: Garrow and Associates.
  • Epperson, Terrence W. 2004. Critical Race Theory and the Archaeology of the African Diaspora. Historical Archaeology 38(1): 101–108.
  • Farnsworth, Paul. 2001. Beer Brewing and Consumption in the Maintenance of African Identity by the Enslaved People of the Bahamas, 1783-1834. Culture and Agriculture 23(2): 19–30.
  • Fennell, Christopher C. 2007. Crossroads and Cosmologies: Diasporas and Ethnogenesis in the New World. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
  • Fennell, Christopher C., Terrance J. Martin, and Paul A. Shackel, editors. 2010. New Philadelphia: Racism, Community, and the Illinois Frontier. Special issue, Historical Archaeology 44(1): 1–157.
  • Ferguson, Karen J. 1998. Caught in “No Man’s Land”: The Negro Cooperative Demonstration Service and the Ideology of Booker T. Washington, 1900-1918. Agricultural History 72(1): 33–54.
  • Ferguson, Leland. 1991. Struggling with Pots in Colonial South Carolina. In The Archaeology of Inequality, edited by Randall McGuire and Robert Paynter, 28–39. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
  • Ferguson, Leland. 1992. Uncommon Ground: Archaeology and Early African America, 1650-1800. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  • Ferguson, Leland. 2007. Early African-American Pottery in South Carolina: A Complicated Plainware. African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter, June, http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/news0607/news0607.html#1.
  • Ferguson, Leland, and David W. Babson. 1987. Survey of Plantation Sites Along the East Branch of the Cooper River: A Model for Predicting Archaeological Site Location. Columbia: University of South Carolina, Department of Anthropology.
  • Fogel, Robert W., and Stanley L. Engerman. 1974. Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery. New York: Little, Brown and Company.
  • Franklin, Maria. 1997a. “Power to the People”: Sociopolitics and the Archaeology of Black Americans. Historical Archaeology 31(3): 36–50.
  • Franklin, Maria. 1997b. Why Are There So Few Black American Archaeologists? Antiquity 71: 799–801.
  • Franklin, Maria. 2001. The Archaeological Dimensions of Soul Food: Interpreting Race, Culture, and Afro-Virginian Identity. In Race and the Archaeology of Identity, edited by Charles E. Orser, Jr., 88–107. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
  • Franklin, Maria, and Garrett Fesler, editors. 1999. Historical Archaeology, Identity Formation and the Interpretation of Ethnicity. Williamsburg, Virginia: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
  • Franklin, Maria, and Larry McKee. 2004. African Diaspora Archaeologies: Present Insights and Expanding Discourses. Historical Archaeology 38(1): 1–9.
  • Frazier, Eugene, Sr. 2005. James Island: Stories from Slave Descendants. Charleston, South Carolina: History Press.
  • Frazier, Eugene, Sr. 2010. A History of James Island Slave Descendants and Plantation (Owners. Charleston, South Carolina: History Press.
  • French, Austa M. 1862. Slavery in South Carolina and the Ex-slaves: Or, the Port Royal Mission. New York: Winchell M. French.
  • Gadsby, David A., and Robert C. Chidester. 2011. Heritage and “Those People”: Representing Working-Class Interests through Hampden’s Archaeology. Historical Archaeology 45(1): 101–113
  • Gallay, Alan. 2002. The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
  • Gannett, William C. 1865. The Freedmen at Port Royal. North American Review 101(208): 1–28.
  • Geertz, Clifford. 1988. Works and Lives. Palo Alto, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Genovese, Eugene D. 1974. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Gero, Joan M., and Margaret Conkey. 1991. Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory. London: Blackwell Publishers.
  • Gero, Joan, David M. Lacy, and Michael L. Blakey, editors. 1983. The Socio-Politics of Archaeology. Amherst: Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts.
  • Gilroy, Paul. 1993. The Black Atlantic: Double Consciousness and Modernity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Gonzales, Ambrose. 1892. A Gullah’s Tale of Woe. The State, March 20.
  • Gonzales, Ambrose. 1922. The Black Border: Gullah Stories of the Carolina Coast. Columbia, South Carolina: State Co.
  • Gonzales, Ambrose. 1924a. The Captain: Stories of the Black Border. Columbia, South Carolina: State Co.
  • Gonzales, Ambrose. 1924b. With Aesop along the Black Border. Columbia, South Carolina: State Co.
  • Goodwine, Marquetta L. 2002. The Legacy of Ibo Landing: Gullah Roots of African American Culture. Atlanta, Georgia: Clarity Books.
  • Gordon, Edmund T., and Mark Anderson. 1999. The African Diaspora: Toward an Ethnography of Diasporic Identification. Journal of American Folklore 112(445): 282–296.
  • Gray, Lewis C. 1946. History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute.
  • Greene, Harlan. 2001. Mr. Skylark: John Bennett and the Charleston Renaissance. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  • Grossman, James R. 2005. A Chance to Make Good: 1900-1929. In To Make Our World Anew: A History of African Americans, Volume 2, edited by Robin D. G. Kelly and Earl Lewis, 67–130. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Guthrie, Patricia. 1996. Catching Sense: African American Communities on a South Carolina Sea Island. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Gutman, Herbert G. 1976. The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925. New York: Pantheon.
  • Hadden, Sally E. 2001. Slave Patrols and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Hall, Captain Basil. 1829. Travels in North America 1827-1828. Edinburgh, Scotland: Cadell and Co.
  • Hall, Gwendolyn M. 2005. Slavery and African Ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the Links. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Haraway, Donna. 1991. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge.
  • Harding, Sandra. 1987. Is there a Feminist Method? In Feminism and Methodology, edited by Sandra Harding, 1–14. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Hargis, Peggy G., and Patrick M. Horan. 1997. The “Low-Country Advantage” for African-Americans in Georgia, 1880-1930. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 28(1): 27–46.
  • Hargrove, Melissa. 2005. Appendix F: Overview and Synthesis of Scholarly Literature. In Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement. Atlanta, Georgia: National Park Service Southeast Regional Office, http://www.nps.gov/sero/planning/gg_srs/ggsrsindex.htm.
  • Harris, Joel C. 1881. Nights with Uncle Remus: Myths and Legends of the Old Plantation. New York: Riverside Press.
  • Harrison, Alferdteen. 1992. Black Exodus: The Great Migration from the American South. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
  • Harrison, Faye V. 1991. Decolonizing Anthropology: Moving Further toward an Anthropology of Liberation. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
  • Harrison, Ira E., and Faye V. Harrison, editors. 1999. African-American Pioneers in Anthropology. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Haviser, Jay B., and Kevin C. MacDonald, editors. 2006. African Re-Genesis: Confronting Social Issues in the Diaspora. Walnut Creek, California: Left Coast Press.
  • Hawkins, John. 1907. Magical Medical Practice in South Carolina. Popular Science 70: 165–174.
  • Hennessey, Melinda M. 1985. Racial Violence during Reconstruction: The 1876 Riots in Charleston and Cainhoy. South Carolina Historical Magazine 86(2): 100–112.
  • Henry, Howell M. 1914. The Police Control of the Slave in South Carolina. Doctoral Diss., Vanderbilt University.
  • Herron, Leonora. 1895. Conjuring and Conjure Doctors. Southern Workman 24(1): 118–124.
  • Herskovits, Melville J. 1930. The Negro in the New World: The Statement of a Problem. American Anthropologist 32(1): 145–155.
  • Herskovits, Melville J. 1941. The Myth of the Negro Past. New York: Harpers.
  • Hess, Karen. 1992. The Carolina Rice Kitchen: The African Connection. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Heyward, Duncan C. 1937. Seed from Madagascar. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Hilliard, Sam B. 1978. Antebellum Tidewater Rice Culture in South Carolina and Georgia. In European Settlement and Development in North America: Essays on Geographical Change in Honor and Memory of Andrew Hill Clark, edited by James R. Gibson, 91–115. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Hoffschwelle, Mary S. 2006. The Rosenwald Schools of the American South. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
  • Horry, Harriot P. 1984. A Colonial Plantation Cookbook: The Receipt Book of Harriott Pinckney Horry. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. First published in 1770.
  • Hurston, Zora N. 1931. Hoodoo in America. Journal of American Folklore 44: 317–418.
  • Ingersoll, Ernest. 1892. Decoration of Negro Graves. Journal of American Folklore 5(16): 68–69.
  • Isenbarger, Nicole M. 2006. Potters, Hucksters, and Consumers: Placing Colonoware within the Internal Slave Economy Framework. Master’s Thesis, University of South Carolina.
  • James, Cyril L. R. 1969. History of Pan-African Revolt. 2nd edition. Washington, DC: Drum and Spear.
  • Johnson, Guion G. 1923. Folk Beliefs of the Southern American Negro. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
  • Johnson, Guion G. 1930a. A Social History of the Sea Islands with Special Reference to St. Helena Island, South Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Johnson, Guy B. 1930b. Folk Culture on St. Helena Island, South Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Jones, Alexandra. 2009. Gibson Grove: A Segregated Community Integrated by Archaeology. Paper presented at the First Annual Post-doctoral Fellows Conference, The Archaeology of the Recent African American Past, South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Columbia.
  • Jones-Jackson, Patricia. 1987. When Roots Die: Endangered Traditions on the Sea Islands. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  • Joseph, Joseph W. 1987. Highway 17 Revisited: The Archaeology of Task Labor. South Carolina Antiquities 19(1&2): 29–34.
  • Joyner, Charles. 1984. Down by the Riverside: A South Carolina Slave Community. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
  • Joyner, Charles. 1986. “If You Ain’t Got Education”: Slave Language and Slave Thought in Antebellum Charleston. In Intellectual Life in Antebellum Charleston, edited by Michael O’Brien and David Moltke-Hansen, 255–278. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
  • Kelley, Robin D. G., and Earl Lewis. 2005. Preface to Volume II. In To Make Our World Anew: A History of African Americans since 1880, edited by Robin D. G. Kelley and Earl Lewis, vii-xiii. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kelly, Kenneth G. 1997a. Using Historically Informed Archaeology: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Hueda/European Interaction on the Coast of Benin. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 4(3/4): 353–366.
  • Kelly, Kenneth G. 1997b. The Archaeology of African-European Interaction: Investigating the Social Roles of Trade, Traders and the Use of Space in the Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Hueda Kingdom, Republic of Benin. World Archaeology 28(3): 351–369.
  • Kennedy, Lionel H., and Thomas Parker. 1822. An Official Report of the Trials of Sundry Negroes Charged with an Attempt to Raise an Insurrection in the State of South Carolina . . . . Charleston, South Carolina: J. R. Schenk.
  • Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara. 1998. Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums and Heritage. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Kiser, Clyde V. 1969. Sea Island to City: A Study of St. Helena Islanders in Harlem and Other Urban Centers. New York: Antheneum. First published in 1931.
  • Lees, William. 1978. Limerick: Old and In the Way. Columbia: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina.
  • Lees, William B., and Kathyrn M. Kimery-Lees. 1979. The Function of Colono-Indian Ceramics: Insights from Limerick Plantation, South Carolina. Historical Archaeology 13(1): 1–13.
  • Lefler, Hugh T., and Albert R Newsome. 1954. The History of a Southern State: North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Leone, Mark P., Cheryl La Roche, and Jennifer J. Babiarz. 2005. The Archaeology of Black Americans in Recent Times. Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (Oct.): 575–598.
  • Leone, Mark P., Parker B. Potter, and Paul Shackel. 1987. Toward a Critical Archaeology. Current Anthropology 28(3): 283–302.
  • Lerner, Gerda. 2004. The Grimké Sisters from South Carolina: Pioneers for Women’s Rights and Abolition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Lesser, Charles, editor. 2000. The Shaftesbury Papers. Charleston: South Carolina Historical Society.
  • Levine, Lawrence W. 1977. Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lewis, Kenneth. 1976. Camden: A Frontier Town. Columbia: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina.
  • Lewis, Kenneth. 1999. The Metropolis and the Backcountry: The Making of a Colonial Landscape on the South Carolina Frontier. Historical Archaeology 33(3): 3–13.
  • Lewis, Kenneth, and Donald L. Hardesty. 1979. Middleton Place: Initial Archaeological Investigations at an Ashley River Rice Plantation. Columbia: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina.
  • Lewis, Kenneth E., and Helen Haskell. 1980. Hampton II: Further Archaeological Investigations at a Santee River Rice Plantation. Columbia: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina.
  • Littlefield, Daniel C. 1981. Rice and Slaves: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
  • Littlefield, Daniel C. 1991. Abundance of Negroes of that Nation: The Significance of African Ethnicity in Colonial South Carolina. In The Meaning of South Carolina History: Essays in Honor of George C. Rogers, Jr., edited by David R. Chesnutt and Clyde N. Wilson, 19–38. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Lofton, John. 1964. Insurrection in South Carolina: The Turbulent World of Denmark Vesey. Yellow Springs, Ohio: Antioch Press.
  • Lovejoy, Paul. 1983. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lyon, Eugene. 1984. Santa Elena: A Brief History of the Colony, 1566-1587. Columbia: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina.
  • Marshall, Yvonne. 2002. What is Community Archaeology? World Archaeology 34(2): 211–219.
  • McDavid, Carol. 1997. Introduction. In The Realm of Politics: Prospects for Public Participation in African-American Archaeology, edited by Carol McDavid and David Babson. Special issue, Historical Archaeology 31 (3): 1–4.
  • McDavid, Carol. 2007. Beyond Strategy and Good Intentions: Archaeology, Race, and White Privilege. In Archaeology as a Tool of Civic Engagement, edited by Barbara Little and Paul Shackel, 67–88. Lanham, Maryland: AltaMira Press.
  • McDavid, Carol, and David Babson, editors. 1997. In The Realm of Politics: Prospects for Public Participation in African-American Archaeology. Special issue, Historical Archaeology 31(3): 1–152.
  • McGuire, Randall H., and Robert Paynter, editors. 1991. The Archaeology of Inequality. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
  • McIntosh, Susan K., and Roderick J. McIntosh. 1993. Cities without Citadels: Understanding Urban Origins along the Middle Niger. In The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metas and Towns, edited by Thurstan Shaw, Paul Sinclair, Bassey Andah, and Alex Okpoko, 622–641. New York: Routledge.
  • McKee, Larry. 1992. The Ideals and Realities behind the Design and Use of 19th Century Virginia Slave Cabins. In The Art and Mystery of Historical Archaeology: Essays in Honor of James Deetz, edited by Anne E. Yentsch and Mary C. Beaudry, 195–214. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
  • Mernard, Russell. 1995. Slave Demography, 1670-1740: From Frontier Society to Plantation Regime. South Carolina Historical Magazine 96(4): 280–303.
  • Merrens, H. Roy, ed. 1977. The Colonial South Carolina Scene: Contemporary Views 1697-1774. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Michie, James L. 1987. Richmond Hill and Wachesaw: An Archaeological Study of Two Rice Plantations on the Waccamaw River, Georgetown County, South Carolina. Columbia: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina.
  • Milling, Chapman J. 1940. Red Carolinians. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Mintz, Sidney. 1974. Caribbean Transformations. Baltimore, Maryland: John Hopkins University Press.
  • Mintz, Sidney, and Richard Price. 1992. The Birth of African-American Culture: An Anthropological Perspective. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Mitchell, Elisha. 1850. On the Medicinal Properties of the Black Root. Charleston Medical Journal and Review 5: 458.
  • Mitchell, Mark D., and Laura L. Scheiber. 2010. Across a Great Divide: Archaeology as Long-Term History. In Across a Great Divide: Continuity and Change in Native North American Societies, 1400-1900, edited by Laura L. Scheiber and Mark D. Mitchell, 1 -27. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Mitchell, Peter. 2005. African Connections: Archaeological Perspectives on Africa and the Wider World. Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press.
  • Moerman, Daniel E. 1974. Extended Family and Popular Medicine on St. Helena Island, SC: Adaptations to Marginality. Doctoral Diss., University of Michigan.
  • Montgomery, Charles J. 1908. Survivors from the Cargo of the Negro Slave Yacht “Wanderer.” American Anthropologist 10(4): 611–623.
  • Montgomery, Michael, editor. 1994. The Crucible of Carolina: Essays in the Development of Gullah Language and Culture. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  • Moore, Sue Mullins. 1981. The Antebellum Barrier Island Plantation: In Search of an Archaeological Pattern. Doctoral Diss., University of Florida.
  • Moore, Vennie D. 1987. Home Remedies, Herb Doctors, and Granny Midwives. The World and 11: 474–485.
  • Morgan, Philip D. 1982. Work and Culture: The Task System and the World of Lowcountry Blacks, 1700 to 1880. William and Mary Quarterly 39(4): 563–599.
  • Morgan, Philip D. 1998. Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-century Chesapeake and Lowcountry. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Morgan, Philip D., editor. 2010. African American Life in the Georgia Lowcountry: The Atlantic World and the Gullah Geechee. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  • Moultrie-Ball, Mary L. n.d. The Bluff—Cooper River, S.C. Memoirs of Mary Louisa Moultrie—(Mrs. Isaac Ball). Ball Family Papers, 1775-1864. University of South Carolina, South Caroliniana Library, Columbia.
  • Mullins, Paul R. 1996. The Contradictions of Consumption: An Archaeology of African America and Consumer Culture, 1850–1930. Doctoral Diss., University of Massachusetts.
  • Mullins, Paul R. 1999. Race and Affluence: An Archaeology of African America and Consumer Culture. New York: Kluwer Academic /Plenum Publishers.
  • National Park Service (NPS). 2005. Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement. Atlanta, Georgia: National Park Service Southeast Regional Office, http://www.nps.gov/sero/planning/gg_srs/ggsrsindex.htm.
  • National Park Service (NPS). 2008. Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor: What is a Cultural Heritage Corridor ? Washington, DC: National Park Service, http://www.nps.gov/guge/faqs.htm.
  • Neilson, Peter. 1847. Life and Adventures of Zamba, an African Negro King; And His Experience of Slavery in South Carolina, Written by Himself. London: Smith Elder.
  • Newbold, N. C. 1928. Common Schools for Negroes in the South. Annak of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 140 (Nov): 209–223.
  • Newton, John. 1841. The Life and Spirituality of John Newton: An Authentic Narrative. Vancouver, British Columbia: Regent College Publishing.
  • New York Times. 1853a. The South: Letters on the Productions, Industry and Resources of the Slave States. Number Thirty. New York Times, July 27.
  • New York Times. 1853b. The South: Letters on the Productions, Industry and Resources of the Slave States. Number Thirty-Two. New York Times, August 9.
  • Olmstead, Frederick L. 1856. A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, with Remarks on Their Economy. New York: Dix and Edwards.
  • Olmstead, Frederick L. 1862. The Cotton Kingdom: A Traveller’s Observation on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States. New York: Mason Brothers.
  • Ogundiran, Akinwumi, and Toyin Falola, editors. 2007. Archaeology of the Atlantic Africa and the African Diaspora. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Orser, Charles E., Jr. 1998. The Archaeology of the African Diaspora. Annual Review of Anthropology 27: 63–82.
  • Orser, Charles E., Jr., editor. 2001. Race and the Archaeology of Identity. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
  • Orser, Charles E., Jr., and Pedro P. A. Funari. 2001. Archaeology and Slave Resistance and Rebellion. World Archaeology 33(1): 61–72.
  • Otto, John S. 1975. Status Differences and the Archaeological Record: A Comparison of Planter, Overseer, and Slave Sites from Cannon’s Point Plantation (1794–1861), St. Simon’s Island, Georgia. Doctoral Diss., University of Florida.
  • Oubre, Claude F. 1978. Forty Acres and a Mule: The Freedmen’s Bureau and Black Land Ownership. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
  • Palmer, David. 2011. Archaeology of Jim Crow-Era African American Life on Louisiana’s Sugar Plantations. In The Materiality of Freedom: Archaeologies of Postemancipation Life, edited by Jodi A. Barnes, 136–157. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Palus, Matthew. 2011. Infrastructure and African American Achievement in Annapolis, Maryland, during the Twentieth Century. In The Materiality of Freedom: Archaeologies of Postemancipation Life, edited by Jodi A. Barnes, 230–251. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Parsons, Elsie W. C. 1921. Folk-Lore from Aiken, SC. Journal of American Folklore 34(131): 1–39.
  • Parsons, Elsie W. C. 1923. Folk-Lore of the Sea Islands, South Carolina. New York: American Folklore Society.
  • Pennington, Patience. 1914. A Woman Rice Planter. New York: Macmillan Co.
  • Peterkin, Julia. 1927. Black April. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bob-Merrill Co.
  • Peterkin, Genevieve C., Kincaid Mills, and Aaron McCullough. 2008. Coming Through: Voices of a South Carolina Gullah Community from WPA Oral Histories. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Pierson, Gerald. 1990. The Nature of Resistance in South Carolina’s Works Progress Administration Ex-Slave Narratives. Doctoral Diss., University of Toledo.
  • Pollitzer, William. 1999. The Gullah People and Their African Heritage. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  • Porcher, Francis P. 1869. Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests, Medical, Economical and Agricultural: Being Also a Medical Botany of the Southern States: With Practical Information on the Useful Properties of the Trees, Plants, and Shrubs. Charleston, South Carolina: Walker, Evans and Cogswell Printers.
  • Porcher, Richard. 1987. Rice Culture in South Carolina: A Brief History, the Role of the Huguenots, and the Preservation of Its Legacy. Transactions the Huguenot Society of South Carolina 92: 11–22.
  • Posnansky, Merrick. 1984. Toward an Archaeology of the Black Diaspora. Journal of Black Studies 15(2): 195–205.
  • Praetzellis, Mary, and Adrian Praetzellis. 2011. Cultural Resource Management and Heritage Values. Historical Archaeology 45(1): 86–100.
  • Price, Richard, editor. 1979. Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Puckett, Newbell N. 1926. Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Reitz, Elizabeth J. 1986. Urban/Rural Contrasts in Vertebrae Fauna from the Southern Coastal Plain. Historical Archaeology 20(2): 47–58.
  • Reps, John. 1965. The Making of Urban America: A History of City Planning in the United States. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Rogers, George C., editor. 1974. The Papers of Henry Laurens: Volume 4: Sept.1, 1763-Aug. 31, 1765. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Rose, Willie L. 1964. Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill Co.
  • Rosengarten, Dale. 1986. Row upon Row: Sea Grass Baskets of the South Carolina Lowcountry. Columbia: McKissick Museum, University of South Carolina.
  • Rosengarten, Dale. 1994. Spirits of Our Ancestors: Basket Traditions in the Carolinas. In The Crucible of Carolina: Essays in the Development of Gullah Language and Culture, edited by Michael Montgomery, 133–157. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  • Rowe, G. C. 1900. The Negroes of the Sea Islands. Southern Workman 29(12): 709–715.
  • Rowland, Lawrence S., Alexander Moore, and George C. Rogers. 1996. The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina: 1514-1861. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Rutledge, Sarah. 1979. The Carolina Housewife, or House and Home: By A Lady of Charleston. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. First published in 1847.
  • Salley, Alexander S. 1911. Narratives of Early Carolina, 1650-1798. New York: Charles Scriber’s Sons.
  • Saunders, Roslyn. 2005. Appendix E: The Gullah of South Carolina: A Bibliography of Materials on Gullah People. In Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement, edited by National Park Service. Atlanta, Georgia: National Park Service, Southeast Regional Office, http://www.nps.gov/sero/planning/gg_srs/ggsrsindex.htm.
  • Scott, Elizabeth M. 1997. “A Little Gravy in the Dish and Onions in a Tea Cup”: What Cookbooks Reveal about Material Culture. International Journal of Historical Archaeology 1(2): 131–155.
  • Sellers, Leila B. 1934. Charleston Business on the Eve of the Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Severens, Martha R. 2007. The Charleston Renaissance. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Shackel, Paul A., and Erve J. Chambers, editors. 2004. Places in Mind: Public Archaeology as Applied Anthropology. New York: Routledge.
  • Shanks, Michael, and Christopher Tilley. 1992. Experiencing the Past: On the Character of Archaeology. London: Routledge.
  • Shapiro, Herbert. 1972. Afro-American Responses to Race Violence during Reconstruction. Science and Society 36(2): 158–170
  • Sherman, William T. 1990. Memoirs of General William T. Sherman. New York: Library of America. First published in 1875.
  • Shlasko, Ellen. 1997. Carolina Gold: Economic and Social Change on a South Carolina Rice Plantation. Doctoral Diss., Yale University.
  • Silliman, Stephen. 2005. Culture Contact or Colonialism? Challenges in the Archaeology of Native North America. American Antiquity 70(1): 55–74.
  • Singleton, Theresa A. 1980. The Archaeology of Afro-American Slavery in Coastal Georgia: A Regional Perception of Slave Household and Community Patterns. Doctoral Diss., University of Florida.
  • Singleton, Theresa A. 2010. Reclaiming the Gullah-Geechee Past: Archaeology of Plantation Slavery in Georgia. In African American Life in the Georgia Lowcountry: The Atlantic World and the Gullah Geechee, edited by Philip D. Morgan, 151–187. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  • Singleton, Theresa A., editor. 1999. "I, Too, Am America” Archaeological Studies of African-American Life. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
  • Singleton, Theresa A., and Charles E. Orser Jr. 2003. Descendant Communities: Linking People in the Present to the Past. In Ethical Issues in Archaeology, edited by Larry J. Zimmerman, Karen D. Vitelli, and Julie Holowell-Zimmer, 143–152. Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press.
  • Smith, Daniel E. 1950. A Charlestonian’s Recollections: 1846-1913. Charleston, South Carolina: Carolina Art Association. First published in 1913.
  • Smith, Mark M. 2001. Remembering Mary, Shaping Revolt: Reconsidering the Stono Rebellion. Journal of Southern History 67(3): 513–534.
  • Smith, Mark M., editor. 2005. Stono: Documenting and Interpreting a Southern Slave Revolt. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Smith, Reed. 1926. Gullah. Bulletin 190, Bureau of Publications. Columbia: University of South Carolina.
  • Smythe, Augustine T. 1932. The Carolina Low-Country. New York: Macmillan.
  • South, Stanley. 1977. Method and Theory in Historical Archaeology. New York: Academic Press.
  • South, Stanley. 1992. Archaeology at Santa Elena: Doorway to the Past. Columbia: South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina.
  • South Carolina Gazette and Advertiser. 1784a. Also a Negro Man named Sharper. South Carolina Gazette and Advertiser, July 24.
  • South Carolina Gazette and Advertiser. 1784b. Brought to George-town Goal. South Carolina Gazette and Advertiser, September 2.
  • South Carolina Gazette and Advertiser. 1785. Brought to the Workhouse. South Carolina Gazette and Advertiser, January 3.
  • Sprinkle, John. 1994. Manassas Industrial School. African-American Archaeology, Spring, 10: 7.
  • State, The. 1891. The State’s Survey. The State, March 11.
  • State, The. 1894. The Concert Tonight. The State, June 7.
  • Steen, Carl. 1992. A Preliminary Report on the 1992 Excavations at Pine Grove Plantation. Columbia, South Carolina: Diachronic Research Foundation.
  • Steen, Carl. 1999. Stirring the Ethnic Stew in the South Carolina Backcountry: John de la Howe and Lethe Farm. In Historical Archaeology, Identity Formation and the Interpretation of Ethnicity, edited by Maria Franklin and Garrett Fesler, 93–120. Williamsburg, Virginia: Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
  • Steen, Carl. 2005. Phase II Archaeological Investigations of Four Historic Sites (C5890020435-D5095020469), Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Final Draft Report prepared for the National Park Service, Southeast Archeological Center, Tallahassee, Florida and the Public Works Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Palmetto Research Institute Publication in Archaeology.
  • Steen, Carl. 2010. Cultural Resources Investigations at Penn Center. Columbia, South Carolina: Diachronic Research Foundation.
  • Steen, Carl. 2011. From Slave to Citizen on James Island: The Archaeology of Freedom at Fort Johnson. In The Materiality of Freedom: Archaeologies of Postemancipation Life, edited by Jodi A. Barnes, 158–172. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Steen, Carl, James Legg, Sean Taylor, and Ashley Chapman. 2002. The MEHRL Project: Archaeological Investigations at the Site of the Hollings Marine Laboratory, Fort Johnson, South Carolina. Columbia, South Carolina: Diachronic Research Foundation.
  • Steiner, Roland. 1901. Observations on the Practice of Conjuring in Georgia. Journal of American Folklore 14(54): 177–181.
  • Stoner, Michael J. 2006. The Towne before the City: The Caribbean Influence at 1760 Charles Town. South Carolina Antiquities 38: 67–83.
  • Swanton, John R. 1922. Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors. Washington, DC: Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institute.
  • Tanner, Laura E. 1987. Self-Conscious Representation in the Slave Narrative. Black American Literature Forum 21(4): 415–424.
  • Tarlow, Sarah. 1998. Strangely Familiar. In Familiar Past: Archaeologies of Late Historical Britain, edited by Sarah Tarlow and Susie West, 263–272. London: Routledge.
  • Thomas, Brian W. 1995. Source Criticism and the Interpretation of African-American Sites. Southeastern Archaeology 14(2): 149–157.
  • Thomas, John P. 1930. The Barbadians in Early South Carolina. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine 31(2): 75–92.
  • Thompson, Robert F. 1990. Kongo Influences on African-American Artistic Culture. In Africanisms in American Culture, edited by Joseph E. Holloway, 148–184. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Thornton, John. 1998. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Trinkley, Michael. 1986. Indian and Freedmen Occupation at the Fish Haul Site (38BU805), Beaufort County, South Carolina. Columbia, South Carolina: Chicora Foundation, Inc.
  • Trinkley, Michael. 1987. The Lifestyle of Freemen at Mitchelville, Hilton Head Island: Evidence of a Changing Pattern of Afro-American Archaeological Visibility. Columbia, South Carolina: Chicora Foundation, Inc.
  • Trinkley, Michael. 1993. Archaeological and Historical Examinations of Three Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Rice Plantations on Waccamaw Neck. Columbia, South Carolina: Chicora Foundation, Inc.
  • Trinkley, Michael, and Sarah Fick. 2003. Rice Cultivation, Processing, and Marketing in the Eighteenth Century: A Historic Context. Columbia, South Carolina: Chicora Foundation, Inc.
  • Trinkley, Michael, and Debi Hacker. 1987. The Archaeological Manifestations of the “Port Royal Experiment” at Mitchelville, Hilton Head Island, Beaufort County, South Carolina. Columbia, South Carolina: Chicora Foundation, Inc.
  • Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. 1991. Anthropology and the Savage Slot: The Poetics and Politics of Otherness. In Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present, edited by Richard G. Fox, 17–44. Santa Fe, New Mexico: School of American Research Press.
  • Turner, Lorenzo D. 1949. Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Twining, Mary, and Keith Baird. 1991. Sea Island Roots: African Presence in the Carolinas and Georgia. Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press.
  • Vlach, John M. 1981. Charleston Blacksmith: The Work of Philip Simmons. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
  • Voss, Barbara. 2000. Feminisms, Queer Theories, and the Archaeological Study of Past Sexualities. World Archaeology 32(2): 180–192.
  • Voss, Barbara. 2005. From Casta to California: Social Identity and the Archaeology of Culture Contact. American Anthropologist 107(3): 461–474.
  • Yetman, Norman R. 2001. An Introduction to the WPA Slave Narratives. Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writer’s Project, 1936–1938. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, http://rs6.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snintro00.html.
  • Waddell, Gene. 1980. Indians of the South Carolina Lowcountry, 1562-1751. Spartanburg, South Carolina: Reprint Co.
  • Wallace, Anthony F. C. 1956. Revitalization Movements. American Anthropologist 58(2): 264–281.
  • Wallace, David D. 1951. South Carolina: A Short History. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel M. 1974. Capitalist Agriculture and the Origin of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press.
  • Waring, Mary A. 1894. Mortuary Customs and Beliefs of South Carolina Negroes. Journal of American Folklore 7(4): 318–319.
  • Wax, Darold D. 1966. Negro Resistance to the Early American Slave Trade. Journal of Negro History 51(1): 1–15.
  • Wax, Darold D. 1982. “The Great Risque We Run”: The Aftermath of the Slave Rebellion at Stono, South Carolina, 1739-1745. Journal of Negro History 67(2): 136–147.
  • Weik, Terrence. 1997. The Archaeology of Maroon Societies in the Americas: Resistance, Cultural Continuity, and Transformation in the African Diaspora. Historical Archaeology 31(2): 81–92.
  • Weyeneth, Robert R. 2005. The Architecture of Racial Segregation: The Challenges of Preserving the Problematical Past. Public Historian 27(4): 11–44.
  • Wheaton, Thomas R., Amy Friedlander, and Patrick H. Garrow. 1983. Yaughan and Curriboo Plantations: Studies in Afro-American Archaeology. Marietta, Georgia: Soil Systems Inc.
  • Wheaton, Thomas R. and Patrick H. Garrow. 1985. Acculturation and the Archaeological Record in the Carolina Lowcountry. In The Archaeology of Slavery and Plantation Life, edited by Theresa A. Singleton, 239–259. New York: Academic Press.
  • Wilkie, Laurie A., and Paul Farnsworth. 2011. Living Not So Quietly, Not So on the Edge of Things: A Twentieth-century Bahamian Household. In The Materiality of Freedom: Archaeologies of Postemancipation Life, edited by Jodi A. Barnes, 58–68. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
  • Wood, Peter H. 1974a. Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion. New York: Random House.
  • Wood, Peter H. 1974b. “It Was a Negro Taught Them”: A New Look at African Labor in Early South Carolina. Journal of Asian and African Studies 9: 160–179.
  • Woofter, Thomas J. 1930. Black Yeomanry: Life on St. Helena Island. New York: Holt and Co.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.