A Review of the Muscle Activation Patterns Associated with the Pelvic Tilt Exercise Used in the Treatment of Low Back Pain

REFERENCES

• Waddell G. A new clinical model for the treatment of low back pain. Spine 1987; 12(7):632–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waddell G, Somerville D, Henderson L, Newton M. Objective clinical evaluation of physical impairment in chronic low back pain. Spine 1992; 17(6):617–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer WO, Leblanc FE, Dupuis M, et al. Scientific approach to the assessment and management of activity-related spinal disorders. A monograph for clinicians. Report of the Quebec Task Force on spinal disorders. Spine 1987; 12(75s).
   Google Scholar
• Mooney V. Where is the pain coming from? Spine 1987; 12(8): 754–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porterfield JA. Dynamic stabilization of the trunk. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 1985; 6(5):271–277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Twomey LT, Taylor JR. Clinics in Physical Therapy: Physical Therapy for the Low Back (2nd ed.) New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson CP, Brown MD. Analysis of current approaches and a practical guide to prescription of exercise. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1983a; 179:46–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson CP, Brown MD. Is there a role for exercise in the treatment of patients with low back pain? Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 1983b; 179:39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saal JA, Saal JS. Nonoperative treatment of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc with radiculopathy: An outcome study. Spine 1989; 14:(4):431–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirorski JM. A rationalized approach to physiotherapy for low-back pain. Spine 1985; 10(6):571–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liemohn W. Exercise and the back. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 1990; 16(4):945–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deyo RA, Diehl AK, Rosenthal M. How many days of bed rest for acute low back pain? A randomized clinical trial. The New England Journal of Medicine 1986; 315(17):1064–1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen FR, Bendix T, Skov P, Jensen CV, Kristensen JH, Krohn L, Schioeler H. Intensive, dynamic back-muscle exercises, conventional physiotherapy, or placebo-control treatment of low-back pain. Spine 1993; 18(1):98–107.
   Google Scholar
• Timm KE. A Randomized-control study of active and passive treatments for chronic low back pain following L5 laminectomy. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 1994; 20(6):276–286.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D’Orazio B (Ed). Back pain rehabilitation. Boston: Andover Medical Publishers, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Cailliet R. Low Back Pain Syndrome (5th ed.) Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Kendall FP, McCreary E.K. Muscles. Testing and Function (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Wiliams, Wilkins, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie RA. The Lumbar Spine: Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy. New Zealand: Spinal publications, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• White AH, Anderson R (Eds). Conservative Care of Low Back Pain. Baltimore: Williams, Wilkins, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Williams PC. Lesions of the lumbosacral spine: Part 1. Acute traumatic destruction of the lumbosacral intervertebral disc. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1937a; 19(2):343–363.
   Google Scholar
• Williams PC. Lesions of the lumbosacral spine: Part 11. Chronic traumatic (Postural) destruction of the lumbosacral intervertebral disc. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 1937b; 19(3):690–703.
   Google Scholar
• Battié MC, Cherkin DC, Dunn R, Ciol MA, Wheeler KJ. Managing low back pain: Attitudes and treatment preferences of physical therapists. Physical Therapy 1994; 74(3):219–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannsen F, Remvig L, Kryger P, Beck P, Warning S, Lybeck K, Dreyer V, Larsen LH. Exercises for chronic low back pain: A clinical trial. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 1995; 22(2):52–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponte DJ, Jensen GJ, Kent BE. A preliminary report on the use of the Mckenzie protocol versus Williams protocol in the treatment of low back pain. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 1984; 6(2):130–139.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kendall PH, Jenkins JM. Exercises for backache: A double-blind controlled trial. Physiotherapy 1968; 54:154–157.
   Google Scholar
• Kendall PH, Jenkins JM. Lumbar isometric flexion exercises. Physiotherapy 1968; 54:158–163.
   Google Scholar
• Delitto A, Cibulka MT, Erhard RE, Bowling RW, Tenhula JA. Evidence for use of an extension-mobilization category in acute low back syndrome: A prescriptive validation pilot study. Physical Therapy 1993; 73(4):216–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dettori JR, Bullock SH, Sutlive TG, Franklin RJ, Patience T. The effects of flexion and extension exercises and their associated postures in patients with acute low back pain. Spine 1995; 20(21):2303–2312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elnaggar IM, Nordin M, Sheikhzadeh A, Parnianpour M, Kahanivutz N. Effects of spinal flexion and extension exercises on low-back pain and spinal mobility in chronic mechanical low-back pain patients. Spine 1991; 16(8):967–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juli G, Richardson C, Toppenberg R, Comerford M, Bui B. Towards a measurement of active muscle control for lumbar stabilisation. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 1993; 39(3):187–193.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sahrmann SA. Diagnosis and treatment of movement-related pain syndromes associated with muscle and movement imbalances. Course notes, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Davies JE, Gibson T, Tester L. The value of exercises in the treatment of low back pain. Rheumatology and Rehabilitation 1979; 18:243–247.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dumas GA, Reid JG, Wolfe LA, Griffin MP, McGrath MJ. Exercise, posture, and back pain during pregnancy: Part 2. Exercise and back pain. Clinical Biomechanics 1995b; 10(2):104–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Sullivan PB, Twomey L, Allison G. Dysfunction of the neuromuscular system in the presence of low back pain-implications for physical therapy management. The Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy 1997; 5(1):20–26.
   Google Scholar
• Basmajian JV (Ed.). Rehabilitation Medicine Library: Therapeutic Exercise (4th ed.) Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Kapandji IA. Physiologie Articulaire, Schémas Commentés de Mécanique Humaine. Fascicule 3, Tronc et Rachis. (3rd ed.) Paris: Maloine, 1979.
   Google Scholar
• Cailliet R. Low Back Pain Syndrome (2nd ed.) Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, 1968.
   Google Scholar
• Cailliet R. Low Back Pain Syndrome (3rd ed.) Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Lee D. The Pelvic Girdle: An Approach to the Examination and Treatment of the Lumbo-Pelvic-Hip Region. New York: :Churchill Livingstone, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Cailliet R. Understand Your Backache: A Guide to Prevention, Treatment, and Relief. Philadelphia: F.A. Davies Company, 1984.
   Google Scholar
• Dumas GA, Reid JG, Wolfe LA, Griffin MP, McGrath MJ. Exercise, posture, and back pain during pregnancy: Part 1. Exercise and posture. Clinical Biomechanics 1995a; 10(2):98–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris CM. Abdominal training. Physiotherapy in Sport 1994; 17(2): 10–21.
   Google Scholar
• Norris CM. Spinal stabilisation :4. Muscle imbalance and the low back. The Journal of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy 1995d; 81(3):127–138.
   Google Scholar
• Norris CM. Abdominal muscle training in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine 1993; 27(1): 19–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee HWM. Progressive muscle synergy and synchronization in movement patterns: An approach to the treatment of dynamic lumbar instability. The Journal of Manual and Manipulative Therapy 1994; 2(4):133–142.
   Google Scholar
• Day JW, Smidt GL, Lehmann T. Effect of pelvic tilt on standing posture. Physical Therapy 1984; 64(4):510–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie HJ, Kumar S, Warren SA. Posterai aberrations in low back pain. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1995; 76(3): 218–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gracovetsky S, Kary M, Pritchen I, Levy S, Ben-Said R. The importance of pelvic tilt in reducing compressive stress in the spine during flexion-extension exercises. Spine 1989; 14(4): 412–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine D, Whittle MW. The effects of pelvic movement on lumbar lordosis in the standing position. Journal of Ortopaedic and Sport Physiotherapy 1996; 24(3):130–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker ML, Rothstein JM, Finucane SD, Lamb R. Relationship between lumbar lordosis, pelvic tilt, and abdominal muscle performance. Physical Therapy 1987; 67(4):512–516.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holmstrom E, Moritz U, Andersson M. Trunk muscle strength and back muscle endurance in construction workers with and without back pain disorders. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1992; 24:3–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suzuki N, Endo S. A quantitative study of trunk muscle strength and fatiguability in low back pain syndrome. Spine 1984; 8:69–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helewa A, Goldsmith C, Smythe H, Gibson E. An evaluation of four different measures of abdominal muscle strength: Patient, order and instrument variation. The Journal of Rheumatology 1990; 17(7):965–969.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pope MH, Bevins T, Wilder DG, Frymoyer JW. The relationship between antropometric, postural, muscular and mobility characteristics of males ages 18–55. Spine 1985; 10(7):644–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope MH, Andersson GBJ, Broman H, Svensson M, Zetterberg C. Electromyographic studies of the lumbar trunk musculature during the development of axial torques. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 1986; 4(3):288–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijders CJ, Bakker MP, Vleeming A, Stoeckart R, Stam HJ. Oblique abdominal muscle activity in standing and sitting on hard and soft seats. Clinical Biomechanics 1995; 10(2):73–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strohl KP, Mead J, Banzett RB, Loring SH, Kosch PC. Regional differences in abdominal muscle activity during various maneuvers in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental, Exercise Physiology 1981; 51(6):1471–1476.
   Google Scholar
• Smidt GL, Blampied PR. Analysis of strength tests and resistive exercises commonly used for low-back disorders. Spine 1987; 12(10):1025–1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarti MA, Monfont M, Fuster MA, Villaplana LA. Muscle activity in upper and lower rectus abdominus during abdominal exercises. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1996; 77:1293–1297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris CM. Spinal stabilisation :1. Active lumbar stabilisation - Concept. The Journal of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy 1995a; 81(2):61–63.
   Google Scholar
• Norris CM. Spinal stabilisation :2. Limiting factors to end-range motion in the lumbar spine. The Journal of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy 1995b; 81(2):64–67.
   Google Scholar
• Norris CM. Spinal stabilisation :3. Stabilisation mechanisns of the lumbar spine. The Journal of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy 1995c; 81(2):72–79.
   Google Scholar
• Norris CM. Spinal stabilisation :5. An exercise programme to enhance lumbar stabilisation. The Journal of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy 1995e; 81(3):138–145.
   Google Scholar
• Robison R. The new back school prescription: Stabilization training Part I Occupational Medicine 1992; 7(1):17–31.
   Google Scholar
• Saal JA. The new back school prescription: Stabilization training Part II Occupational Medicine 1992; 7(1):33–42.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson C, Toppenberg R, Juli G. An initial evaluation of eight abdominal exercises for their ability to provide stabilisation for the lumbar spine. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 1990; 36 (1):6–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mirka GA, Marras WS. A stochastic model of trunk muscle coactivation during bending. Spine 1993; 18(11):1396–1409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panjabi M, Abumi K, Duranceau J, Oxland T. Spinal stability and intersegmental muscle forces: A biomechanical model. Spine 1989; 14(2):194–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodges PW, Richardson CA. Contraction of the abdominal muscles associated with movement of the lower limb. Physical Therapy 1997; 77(2):132–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elia DS, Bohannon RW, Cameron D, Albro RC. Dynamic pelvic stabilization during hip flexion: A comparative study. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 1996; 24(1):30–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cholewicki J, McGill SM. Mechanical stability of the in vivo lumbar spine: implications for injury and chronic low back pain. Clinical Biomechanics 1996; 11(1):1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderberg GL, Barr JO. Muscular function in chronic low-back dysfunction. Spine 1983; 8(1):79–85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nouwen A, Van Akkerveeken PF, Versloot JM. Patterns of muscular activity during movements in patients with chronic low back pain. Spine 1987; 12(8):777–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen MJ, Swanson GA, Naliboff BD, Schandler SL, McArthur DL. Comparison of electromyographic response patterns during posture and stress tasks in chronic low back pain patterns and control. Journal of Phychosomatic Research 1986; 30(2): 135–141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bullock-Saxton JE, Janda V, Bullock MI. Reflex activation of gluteal muscles in walking: An approach to restoration of muscle function for patients with low-back pain. Spine 1993; 18(6):704–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson C, Jull G, Toppenberg R, Comerford M. Techniques for active lumbar stabilisation for spinal protection: A pilot study. The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 1992; 38(2):105–112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeVries HA. EMG fatigue curves in postural muscles, a possible etiology for idiopathic low back pain. American Journal of Physical Medicine 1968; 47(4):175–181.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kravitz E, Moore ME, Glaros A. Paralumbar muscle activity in chronic low back pain. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1981; 62:172–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews CM, O’Neil LM. Use of pelvic tilt for ligament pain relief. Journal of Nurse-Midwifery 1994; 39(6):370–374.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walters CE, Partridge MJ. Electromyographic study of the differential action of the abdominal muscles during exercise. American Journal of Physical Medicine 1957; 36:259–268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Partridge MJ, Walters CE. Participation of the abdominal muscles in various movements of the trunk in man, an electromyographic study. The Physical Therapy Review 1959; 39(12):791–800.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flint MM, Gudgell J. Electromyographic study of abdominal muscular activity during exercise. The Research Quarterly 1965; 36 (1):29–37.
   Google Scholar
• Carman DJ, Blanton PL, Biggs NL. Electromyographic study of the anterolateral abdominal musculature utilizing indwelling electrodes. American Journal of Physical Medicine 1972; 51 (3):113–129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Selected Topics in Surface Electromyography for Use in the Occupational Setting: Expert perspectives. (NIOSH Publication No. 91–100). Washington, DC: U.S. Goverment Printing Office, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Mital A (Eds). Electromyography in Ergonomics. PA: Taylor, Fnracis, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Pauly JE. An electromyographic analysis of certain movements and exercises: 1. Some deep muscles of the back. Anatomical Records 1966; 155:223–234.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Floyd WF, Silver PH. The function of the erectores spinae muscles in certain movements and postures in man. Journal of Physiology 1955; 129:184–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackburn SE, Portney LG. Electromyographic activity of back musculature during Williams’ flexion exercises. Physical Therapy 1981; 61(6):878–885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman RA. Relationships between strength of low back muscle contraction and reported intensity of chronic low back pain. American Journal of Physical Medicine 1985; 64(4):190–200.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sihvonen T, Partanen J, Hänninen O, Soimakallio S. Electric behavior of low back muscles during lumbar pelvic rhythmn in low back pain patients and healthy controls. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1991; 72:1080–1087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nouwen A, Bush C. The relationship between paraspinal EMG and chronic low back pain. Pain 1984; 20(2): 109–123.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cassisi JE, Robinson ME, O’Conner P, MacMillan M. Trunk strength and lumbar paraspinal muscle activity during isometric exercise in chronic low-back pain patients and controls. Spine 1993; 18 (2):245–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar