Physical Therapy Diagnosis and Management of a Patient with Chronic Daily Headache: A Case Report

References

• Headache Fact Sheet. Lifting The Burden. Available at: http://www.l-t-b.org/pages/18/index.htm. Accessed May 20, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Boissonnault WG. Prevalence of comorbid conditions, surgeries, and medication use in a physical therapy outpatient population: A multi-centered study. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther1999;29:506–519; discussion 520–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olesen J. The International Classification of Headache Disorders. 2nd ed. Application to practice. Funct Neurol 2005;20(2):61–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olesen J. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004;24:1–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenen J, MacGregor E, Holroyd K, et al. Tension-type headache. In: Olesen J, ed. The International Classification of Headache Disorders. 2nd ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Schulman EA. Overview of tension-type headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2001;5:454–462.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jensen R, Bendtsen L, Olesen J. Muscular factors are of importance in tension-type headache. Headache 1998;38:10–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen R, Rasmussen BK. Muscular disorders in tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 1996;16:97–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendtsen L. Central sensitization in tension-type headache: Possible pathophysiological mechanisms. Cephalalgia 2000;20:486–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer RA, Campbell JN, Raja SN. Peripheral neural mechanisms of nociception. In: Wall PD, Melzack R, eds. Textbook of Pain. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Dommerholt J. Persistent myalgia following whiplash. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2005;9:326–330.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simons DG, Travell JG, Simons LS. Travell & Simons’ Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual. Vol. 1. Upper half of body. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Cuadrado ML, Gerwin RD, Pareja JA. Myofascial trigger points and their relationship to headache clinical parameters in chronic tension-type headache. Headache 2006;46:1264–1272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graff-Radford SB. Regional myofascial pain syndrome and headache: Principles of diagnosis and management. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2001;5:376–381.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freund B, Schwartz M. Post-traumatic myofascial pain of the head and neck. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2002;6:361–369.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davidoff RA. Trigger points and myofascial pain: Toward understanding how they affect headaches. Cephalalgia 1998;18:436–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg-Stein J. Cervical myofascial pain and headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2002;6:324–330.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alvarez DJ, Rockwell PG. Trigger points: Diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician 2002;65:653–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han SC, Harrison P. Myofascial pain syndrome and trigger-point management. Reg Anesth 1997;22:89–101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Cuadrado ML, Gerwin RD, Pareja JA. Referred pain from the trochlear region in tension-type headache: A myofascial trigger point from the superior oblique muscle. Headache 2005;45:731–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graff-Radford SB, Jaeger B, Reeves JL. Myofascial pain may present clinically as occipital neuralgia. Neurosurg 1986;19:610–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borsook D, Burstein R, Moulton E, Becerra L. Functional imaging of the trigeminal system: Applications to migraine pathophysiology. Headache 2006;46:S32-S38.
   Google Scholar
• Haldeman S, Dagenais S. Cervicogenic headaches: A critical review. Spine J 2001;1:31–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jensen S. Neck related causes of headache. Aust Fam Physician 2005;34:635–639.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biondi DM. Cervicogenic headache: Mechanisms, evaluation, and treatment strategies. J Am Osteopath Assoc 2000;100:S7–14.
   Google Scholar
• Alix ME, Bates DK. A proposed etiology of cervicogenic headache: The neurophysiologic basis and anatomic relationship between the dura mater and the rectus posterior capitis minor muscle. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1999;22:534–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martelletti P, van Suijlekom H. Cervicogenic headache: Practical approaches to therapy. CNS Drugs 2004;18:793–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen SM. Articular and muscular impairments in cervi-cogenic headache: A case report. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2003;33:21–30; discussion 30–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollmann W, Keidel M, Pfaffenrath V. Headache and the cervical spine: A critical review. Cephalalgia 1997;17:801–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoliel R, Sharav Y. Craniofacial pain of myofascial origin: Temporomandibular pain and tension-type headache. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1998;19:701–704, 706, 708–710 passim; quiz 722.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mannheimer JS, Rosenthal RM. Acute and chronic postural abnormalities as related to craniofacial pain and temporomandibular disorders. Dent Clin North Am 1991;35:185–208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NHF Headache Fact Sheet. National Headache Foundation. Available at: http://www.headaches.org/consumer/presskit/NHAW04/CategoriesofHeadache.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Leonardi M, Steiner TJ, Scher AT, Lipton RB. The global burden of migraine: Measuring disability in headache disorders with WHO’s Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). J Headache Pain 2005;6:429–440.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stang PE, Crown WH, Bizier R, Chatterton ML, White R. The family impact and costs of migraine. Am J Manag Care 2004;10:313–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz B, Stewart W, Simon D, R. L. Epidemiology of tension-type headache. JAMA 1998;279:381–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbain DA, Lewis J, Cole B, Cutler RB, Rosomoff RS, Rosomoff HL. Do the proposed cervicogenic headache diagnostic criteria demonstrate specificity in terms of separating cervicogenic headache from migraine? Curr Pain Headache Rep 2003;7:387–394.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marcus DA, Scharff L, Mercer S, Turk DC. Musculoskeletal abnormalities in chronic headache: A controlled comparison of headache diagnostic groups. Headache 1999;39:21–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills Roth J. Physical therapy in the treatment of chronic headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2003;7:482–489.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jacobson GP, Ramadan NM, Aggarwal SK, Newman CW. The Henry Ford Hospital Headache Disability Inventory (HDI). Neurol 1994;44:837–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson GP, Ramadan NM, Norris L, Newman CW. Headache disability inventory (HDI): Short-term test-retest reliability and spouse perceptions. Headache 1995;35:534–539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon H, Mior S. The Neck Disability Index: A study of reliability and validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1991;14:409–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland JA, Fritz JM, Whitman JM, Palmer JA. The reliability and construct validity of the Neck Disability Index and patient-specific functional scale in patients with cervical radiculopathy. Spine 2006;31:598–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy M. Level I. Differential Diagnosis Part-A: Course Manual. Fairfax, VA: North American Institute of Orthopaedic Manual Therapy, Inc., 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner KL. Genetics of migraine: An update. Headache 2006;46: S19–24.
   Google Scholar
• Fedorak C, Ashworth N, Marshall J, Paull H. Reliability of the visual assessment of cervical and lumbar lordosis: How good are we? Spine 2003;28:1857–1859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youdas JW, Carey JR, Garrett TR. Reliability of measurements of cervical spine range of motion: Comparison of three methods. Phys Ther 1991;71:98–104; discussion 105–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terwee CB, de Winter AF, Scholten RJ, et al. Interobserver reproducibility of the visual estimation of range of motion of the shoulder. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005;86:1356–1361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jepsen J, Laursen L, Larsen A, Hagert CG. Manual strength testing in 14 upper limb muscles: A study of inter-rater reliability. Acta Orthop Scand 2004;75:442–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertilson BC, Grunnesjo M, Strender LE. Reliability of clinical tests in the assessment of patients with neck/shoulder problems: Impact of history. Spine 2003;28:2222–2231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jepsen JR, Laursen LH, Hagert CG, Kreiner S, Larsen AI. Diagnostic accuracy of the neurological upper limb examination. I. Inter-rater reproducibility of selected findings and patterns. BMC Neurol 2006;6:8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings TM, White AR. Needling therapies in the management of myofascial trigger point pain: A systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:986–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerwin RD, Shannon S, Hong CZ, Hubbard D, Gevirtz R. Interrater reliability in myofascial trigger point examination. Pain 1997;69(1–2):65–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lew PC, Lewis J, Story I. Inter-therapist reliability in locating latent myofascial trigger points using palpation. Man Ther 1997;2:87–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sciotti VM, Mittak VL, DiMarco L, et al. Clinical precision of myofascial trigger point location in the trapezius muscle. Pain 2001;93:259–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schops P, Pfingsten M, Siebert U. [Reliability of manual medical examination techniques of the cervical spine. Study of quality assurance in manual diagnosis.] (German) Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 2000;138:2–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong CZ, Kuan TS, Chen JT, Chen SM. Referred pain elicited by palpation and by needling of myofascial trigger points: A comparison. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78(9):957–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocabado M. TMJ Evaluation and Treatment of the Cranioman-dibular System. Course notes. St. Augustine, FL: University of St. Augustine, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe S, Reese H.B S. The effect of high-velocity low-amplitude manipulation on cervical spine muscle strength: A randomized clinical trial. J Manual Manipulative Ther 2006;14:152–157.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis J, Green A, Reichard Z, Wright C. Scapular position: The validity of skin surface palpation. Man Ther 2002;7:26–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris SV. S1: Introduction to Spinal Evaluation and Manipulation. Seminar manual. 3rd ed. St. Augustine, FL: Institute of Physical Therapy University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Jull G, Zito G, Trott P, Potter H, Shirley D. Inter-examiner reliability to detect painful upper cervical joint dysfunction. Aust J Physiother 1997;43:125–129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGregor AH, Wragg P, Gedroyc WM. Can interventional MRI provide an insight into the mechanics of a posterior-anterior mobilisation? Clin Biomech 2001;16:926–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pool JJ, Hoving JL, de Vet HC, van Mameren H, Bouter LM. The interexaminer reproducibility of physical examination of the cervical spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2004;27:84–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fjellner A, Bexander C, Faleij R, Strender LE. Interexaminer reliability in physical examination of the cervical spine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 1999;22:511–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huijbregts PA. Spinal motion palpation: A review of reliability studies. J Manual Manipulative Ther 2002;10:24–39.
   Google Scholar
• Humphreys BK, Delahaye M, Peterson CK. An investigation into the validity of cervical spine motion palpation using subjects with congenital block vertebrae as a ‘gold standard’. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2004;5:19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jull G, Bogduk N, Marsland A. The accuracy of manual diagnosis for cervical zygapophysial joint pain syndromes. Med J Aust 1988;148:233–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zito G, Jull G, Story I. Clinical tests of musculoskeletal dysfunction in the diagnosis of cervicogenic headache. Man Ther 2006;11:118–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aprill C, Axinn MJ, Bogduk N. Occipital headaches stemming from the lateral atlanto-axial (C1–2) joint. Cephalalgia 2002;22:15–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker N, Bohannon RW, Cameron D. Discriminate validity of temporomandibular joint range of motion measurements obtained with a ruler. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2000;30:484–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfredini D, Tognini F, Zampa V, Bosco M. Predictive value of clinical findings for temporomandibular joint effusion. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2003;96:521–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobbezoo-Scholte AM, De Wijer A, Steenks MH, Bosman F. Interexaminer reliability of six orthopaedic tests in diagnostic subgroups of craniomandibular disorders. J Oral Rehabil 1994;21:273–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel HA, Diamond B, Saed-Nejad F, Ratcliffe A. Osteoarthritis and synovitis as major pathoses of the temporomandibular joint: Comparison of clinical diagnosis with arthroscopic morphology. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998;56:1023–1027; discussion 1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmlund AB, Axelsson S. Temporomandibular arthropathy: Correlation between clinical signs and symptoms and arthroscopic findings. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996;25:178–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson N, Bove G. Evidence that tension-type headache and cervicogenic headache are distinct disorders. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2000;23:288–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Alonso-Blanco C, San-Roman J, Miangolarra-Page JC. Methodological quality of randomized controlled trials of spinal manipulation and mobilization in tension-type headache, migraine, and cervicogenic headache. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2006;36:160–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jull G, Trott P, Potter H, et al. A randomized controlled trial of exercise and manipulative therapy for cervicogenic headache. Spine 2002;27:1835–1843; discussion 1843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore MK. Upper crossed syndrome and its relationship to cervicogenic headache. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2004;27:414–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niere K, Robinson P. Determination of manipulative physiotherapy treatment outcome in headache patients. Man Ther 1997;2:199–205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griegel-Morris P, Larson K, Mueller-Klaus K, Oatis CA. Incidence of common postural abnormalities in the cervical, shoulder, and thoracic regions and their association with pain in two age groups of healthy subjects. Phys Ther 1992;72:425–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agustsson H. Evaluation and Treatment of the Craniomandibular System. Course manual. St. Augustine, FL: University of St. Augustine, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Okeson JP. Orofacial Pain: Guidelines for Assessment, Classification, and Management. Hanover Park, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. Available at: http://www.who.int/classifications/icf/en/. Accessed May 6, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Stucki G. International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF): A promising framework and classification for rehabilitation medicine. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2005;84:733–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guide to Physical Therapist Practice. 2nd ed. American Physical Therapy Association. Phys Ther 2001;81:9–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moog M, Quintner J, Hall T, Zusman M. The late whiplash syndrome: A psychophysical study. Eur J Pain 2002;6:283–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi YC, Kim WJ, Kim CH, Lee MS. A clinical study of chronic headaches: Clinical characteristics and depressive trends in migraine and tension-type headaches. Yonsei Med J 1995;36:508–514.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holroyd KA, Stensland M, Lipchik GL, Hill KR, O’Donnell FS, Cordingley G. Psychosocial correlates and impact of chronic tension-type headaches. Headache 2000;40:3–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leistad RB, Sand T, Westgaard RH, Nilsen KB, Stovner LJ. Stress-induced pain and muscle activity in patients with migraine and tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 2006;26:64–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanten WP, Olson SL, Lindsay WA, Lounsberry KA, Stewart JK. The effect of manual therapy and a home exercise program on cervicogenic headaches: A case report. J Manual Manipulative Ther 2005;13:35–43.
   Google Scholar
• Jull G. Management of cervical headache. Man Ther 1997;2:182–190.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bronfort G, Assendelft WJ, Evans R, Haas M, Bouter L. Efficacy of spinal manipulation for chronic headache: A systematic review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2001;24:457–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karakurum B, Karaalin O, Coskun O, Dora B, Ucler S, Inan L. The ‘dry-needle technique’: Intramuscular stimulation in tension-type headache. Cephalalgia 2001;21:813–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jull GA, Stanton WR. Predictors of responsiveness to physiotherapy management of cervicogenic headache. Cephalalgia 2005;25:101–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuttle N. Do changes within a manual therapy treatment session predict between-session changes for patients with cervical spine pain? Aust J Physiother 2005;51:43–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn CC. The Gunn Approach to the Treatment of Chronic Pain: Intramuscular Stimulation for Myofascial Pain of Radiculopathic Origin. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Travell J, Rinzler S, Herman M. Pain and disability of the shoulder and arm: Treatment by intramuscular infiltration with procaine hydrochloride. J AMA 1942;120:417–422.
   Google Scholar
• Lewit K. The needle effect in the relief of myofascial pain. Pain 1979;6:83–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong CZ. Lidocaine injection versus dry needling to myofascial trigger point: The importance of the local twitch response. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1994;73:256–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen JT, Chung KC, Hou CR, Kuan TS, Chen SM, Hong CZ. Inhibitory effect of dry needling on the spontaneous electrical activity recorded from myofascial trigger spots of rabbit skeletal muscle. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2001;80:729–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dommerholt J. Dry needling in orthopaedic physical therapy practice. Orthop Phys Ther Pract 2004;16(3):11–16.
   Google Scholar
• Cummings M. Myofascial pain from pectoralis major following trans-axillary surgery. Acupunct Med 2003;21:105–107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cummings M. Referred knee pain treated with electroacupuncture to iliopsoas. Acupunct Med 2003;21:32–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ingber RS. Shoulder impingement in tennis/racquetball players treated with subscapularis myofascial treatments. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000;81:679–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingber RS. Iliopsoas myofascial dysfunction: A treatable cause of “failed” low back syndrome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989;70:382–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye MJ. Evaluation and treatment of a patient with upper quarter myofascial pain syndrome. J Sports Chiro Rehabil 2001;15(1):26–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gozon B, Chu J, Schwartz I. Lumbosacral radiculopathic pain presenting as groin and scrotal pain: Pain management with twitch-obtaining intramuscular stimulation. A case report and review of literature. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 2001;41:315–318.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chu J, Takehara I, Li TC, Schwartz I. Electrical twitch obtaining intramuscular stimulation (ETOIMS) for myofascial pain syndrome in a football player. Br J Sports Med 2004;38:E25.
   Google Scholar
• Gunn CC, Byrne D, Goldberger M, et al. Treating whiplash-associated disorders with intramuscular stimulation: A retrospective review of 43 patients with long-term follow-up. J Musculoskel Pain 2001;9:69–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerwin RD, Dommerholt J. Trigger Point Needling. Seminar manual. Bethesda, MD: Janet G. Travell, MD, Seminar Series, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Peuker E, Gronemeyer D. Rare but serious complications of acupuncture: Traumatic lesions. Acupunct Med 2001;19:103–108.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• White A, Hayhoe S, Hart A, Ernst E. Survey of adverse events following acupuncture (SAFA): A prospective study of 32,000 consultations. Acupunct Med 2001;19:84–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacPherson H, Thomas K, Walters S, Fitter M. A prospective survey of adverse events and treatment reactions following 34,000 consultations with professional acupuncturists. Acupunct Med 2001;19:93–102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walsh B. Control of infection in acupuncture. Acupunct Med 2001;19:109–111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chu J. The local mechanism of acupuncture. Zhonghua YiXue Za Zhi (Taipei). 2002;65:299–302.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chu J, Yuen KF, Wang BH, Chan RC, Schwartz I, Neuhauser D. Electrical twitch-obtaining intramuscular stimulation in lower back pain: A pilot study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004;83:104–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu J, Schwartz I. The muscle twitch in myofascial pain relief: Effects of acupuncture and other needling methods. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 2002;42:307–311.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chu J. Twitch-obtaining intramuscular stimulation (TOIMS): Long-term observations in the management of chronic partial cervical radiculopathy. Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol 2000;40:503–510.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paris SV, Loubert PV. Foundations of Clinical Orthopaedics. St. Augustine, FL: Institute Press, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson GS, Johnson VS. Functional Orthopedics I: Soft Tissue Mobilization, PNF and Joint Mobilization. Course manual. Baltimore, MD: The Institute of Physical Art, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Lewit K, Simons DG. Myofascial pain: Relief by post-isometric relaxation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1984;65:452–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulligan B. The Mulligan Concept: Spinal and Peripheral Manual Therapy Treatment Techniques. Course manual. Baltimore, MD: Northeast Seminars, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Mulligan B. Manual Therapy “NAGS”, SNAGS”, “MWMS” etc. 4th ed. Wellington, New Zealand: Plane View Services, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Rocabado M. CF3-Advanced Cranio-Facial. Course notes. St. Augustine, FL: University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Kaltenborn FM, Evjenth O, Kaltenborn TB, Morgan D, Vollowitz E, Kaltenborn F. Manual Mobilization of the Joints: The Spine. 4th ed. Minneapolis, MN: OPTP, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Rocabado M. CF2-Intermediate Cranio-Facial. Course notes. St. Augustine, FL: University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Cuadrado ML, Gerwin RD, Pareja JA. Trigger points in the suboccipital muscles and forward head posture in tension-type headache. Headache 2006;46:454–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen R, Rasmussen BK, Pedersen B, Olesen J. Muscle tenderness and pressure pain thresholds in headache: A population study. Pain 1993;52:193–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashina M, Bendtsen L, Jensen R, Sakai F, Olesen J. Muscle hardness in patients with chronic tension-type headache: Relation to actual headache state. Pain 1999;79(2–3):201 -205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Cuadrado ML, Pareja JA. Forward head posture and neck mobility in chronic tension-type headache: A blinded, controlled study. Cephalalgia 2006;26:314–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerwin RD, Dommerholt J. Treatment of myofascial pain syndromes. In: Weiner RS, Ed. Pain Management: A Practical Guide for Clinicians, 6th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2002:235–249.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, Cuadrado ML, Pareja JA. Myofascial trigger points, neck mobility and forward head posture in unilateral migraine. Cephalalgia 2006;26(9): 1061–1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millea PJ, Brodie JJ. Tension-type headache. Am Fam Physician 2002;66:797–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goadsby PJ, Boes C. Chronic daily headache. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72 (Suppl 2):ii 2-ii5.
   Google Scholar
• Audette JF, Blinder RA. Acupuncture in the management of myofascial pain and headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2003;7:395–401.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hesse J, Mogelvang B, Simonsen H. Acupuncture versus metoprolol in migraine prophylaxis: A randomized trial of trigger point inactivation. J Intern Med 1994;235:451–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamanli A, Kaya A, Ardicoglu O, Ozgocmen S, Zengin FO, Bayik Y. Comparison of lidocaine injection, botulinum toxin injection, and dry needling to trigger points in myofascial pain syndrome. Rheumatol Int 2005;25:604–611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilbuldu E, Cakmak A, Disci R, Aydin R. Comparison of laser, dry needling, and placebo laser treatments in myofascial pain syndrome. Photomed Laser Surg 2004;22:306–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlan AD, van Tulder MW, Cherkin DC, et al. Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005 (1):CD001351.
   Google Scholar
• Itoh K, Katsumi Y, Kitakoji H. Trigger point acupuncture treatment of chronic low back pain in elderly patients: A blinded RCT. Acupunct Med 2004;22:170–177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McMillan AS, Nolan A, Kelly PJ. The efficacy of dry needling and procaine in the treatment of myofascial pain in the jaw muscles. J Orofac Pain 1997;11(4):307–314.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DiLorenzo L, Traballesi M, Morelli D, et al. Hemiparetic shoulder pain syndrome treated with deep dry needling during early rehabilitation: A prospective, open-label, randomized investigation. Journal Musculoskel Pain 2004;12(2):25–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irnich D, Behrens N, Gleditsch JM, et al. Immediate effects of dry needling and acupuncture at distant points in chronic neck pain: Results of a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled crossover trial. Pain 2002;99(1–2):83–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatchawan U, Thinkhamrop B, Kharmwan S, Knowles J, Eungpinichpong W. Effectiveness of traditional Thai massage versus Swedish massage among patients with back pain as-scociated with myofascial trigger points. J Bodywork Mov Ther 2005;9:298–309.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Blanco CA, Carnero JF, Page JCM. The immediate effect of ischemic compression technique and transverse friction massage on tenderness of active and latent myofascial trigger points: A pilot study. J Bodywork Mov Ther 2006;10:3–9.
   Google Scholar
• Fryer G, Hodgson L. The effect of manual pressure release on myofascial trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle. J Bodywork Mov Ther 2005;9:248–255.
   Google Scholar
• Blanco CR, Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Xumet JEH, Algaba CP, Rabadan MF, Quintana MCLdl. Changes in active mouth opening following a single treatment of latent myofascial trigger points in the masseter muscle involving post-isometric relaxation or strain/counterstrain. J Bodywork Mov Ther 2006;10:197–205.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez-de-Las-Penas C, Alonso-Blanco C, Cuadrado ML, Miangolarra JC, Barriga FJ, Pareja JA. Are manual therapies effective in reducing pain from tension-type headache? A systematic review. Clin J Pain 2006;22:278–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuchin PJ, Pollard H, Bonello R. A randomized controlled trial of chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy for migraine. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2000;23:91–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross AR, Kay T, Hondras M, et al. Manual therapy for mechanical neck disorders: A systematic review. Man Ther 2002;7:131–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hearn A, Rivett DA. Cervical SNAGs: A biomechanical analysis. Man Ther 2002;7:71–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeely ML, Armijo Olivo S, Magee DJ. A systematic review of the effectiveness of physical therapy interventions for temporomandibular disorders. Phys Ther 2006;86:710–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbain DA, Cutler R, Cole B, Rosomoff HL, Rosomoff RS. International Headache Society headache diagnostic patterns in pain facility patients. Clin J Pain 2001;17:78–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagen K, Einarsen C, Zwart JA, Svebak S, Bovim G. The co-occurrence of headache and musculoskeletal symptoms amongst 51,050 adults in Norway. Eur J Neurol. Sep 2002;9(5):527–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry P, Dartigues J, Puymirat C, Peytour T, Lucas J. The association of cervicalgia-headaches: An epidemiologic study. Cephalalgia 1987;7:189–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartsch T, Goadsby PJ. Stimulation of the greater occipital nerve induces increased central excitability of dural afferent input. Brain 2002;125:1496–1509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartsch T, Goadsby PJ. The trigeminocervical complex and migraine: Current concepts and synthesis. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2003;7:371–376.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bartsch T, Goadsby PJ. Increased responses in trigeminocervical nociceptive neurons to cervical input after stimulation of the dura mater. Brain 2003;126:1801–1813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jull G. Diagnosis of cervicogenic headache. J Manual Manipulative Ther 2006;14:136–138.
   Google Scholar