Antibiotic Resistance Among Gram-Negative Non-Fermentative Bacteria at a Teaching Hospital in Saudi Arabia

References

• Spencer RC. Nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit: a question of surveillance. Intensive Care World 1993; 10: 173–176.
   Google Scholar
• McGowan JE. Antimicrobial resistance in hospital organ-isms and its relation to antibiotic use. Rev Infect Dis 1983; 5: 1033–1048.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergogne-Berezin E, Joly-Guillou ML. Hospital infection with Acinetobacter spp: an increasing problem. J Hosp Infect 1991; 18 (Suppl. A): 250-255.
   Google Scholar
• Bergogne-Berezin E. Acinetobacter spp. as nosocomial pathogens: microbiological, clinical and epidemiological fea-tures. Clin Microbiol Rev 1996; 9: 148–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandeubroncke-Grauls CMJE, Kerver AJH, Rommes JH, Jansen R, Den Dekker C, Verhoef J. Endemic Acinetobacter strains in a surgical intensive care unit: mechanical ventilators as reservoir. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1988; 7: 485–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergogne-Berezin E. The increasing of outbreaks of Acinetobacter spp: the need for control and new agents. J Hosp Infect 1995; 30: 441–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Arata MI, Alarcon T, Lopez-Brea M. Emergence of isolates of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus - Acinetobacter baumannii complex in a Spanish hospital over a five-year period. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 15: 512–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okpara AU, Maswoswe JJ. Emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii. Am J Hosp Pharmacol 1994; 51: 2671–2675.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muder RR, Yu VL, Duwer JS, Vinson C, Lumish RM. Infections caused by Pseudomonas maltophilia. Arch Intern Med 1987, 147: 1672–1674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoun M, Van der Auwera, Devleeshouwer C, et al. Bacteremia caused by non-aeruginosa Pseudomonas species in a cancer centre. J Hosp Infect 1992; 22: 307–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meunier F. Infections in patients with acute leukaemia and lymphoma. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 4th edn. New York: Churchill Livingstone. 1995: 2675–2686.
   Google Scholar
• National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; Eighth informational supplement. NCCLS document M100-S8. NCCLS, Villanova, PA; 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Sidorenko SV, Gelfond EB, Mamontova OA. Hospital infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: significance of intensive therapy. Anesteziol-Reanimatol 1999; 3: 46–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonfiglio G, Carciotto V, Russo G. et al. Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an Italian Survey. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41: 307–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff M, Brun-Buisson C, Lode H, Mathai D, Lewi D, Pettet D. The changing epidemiology of severe infections in the ICU. Clin Microbiol Infect 1997; 3 (suppl. 1): 36-47.
   Google Scholar
• Kresken M, Hafner D, Mittenmayer H, et al, and the study Group «Bacterial Resistance « of the Paul Ehrlich Society for Chemotherapy. Prevalence of fluroquinolone resistance in Europe. Infection 1994; 22 (suppl. 2): 90-98.
   Google Scholar
• Vincent JL, Bihari DJ, Sutr PM, et al. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. JAMA 1995; 274: 639–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trias J, Nikaido H. Outer membrane protein D2 cat-alyzes facilitated diffusion of carbapenems and penems through the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34: 52–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe M, Iyobe S, Inone M, et al. Transferable imipenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 147–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Co ES, Urban C, Burns J, et al. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of Acinetobacter infections sensitive only to polymyxin B and sulbactam. Lancet 1994; 344: 1329–1332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lortholary O, Fagan JY, Buu Hoi A. Nosocomial acqui-sition of multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii: risk factors and prognosis. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20: 790–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaul R, Burt JA, Cork L, et al. Investigation of a multi-year multiple critical care outbreak due to relatively drug-sensi-tive Acinetobacter baumannii. Risk factors and attributable mortality. J Infect Dis 1996; 174: 1279–1287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulin B, Talon D, Viel JF, et al. Risk factors for noso-comial colonization with multiresistanct Acinetobacter bau-mannii. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1995; 14: 569–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilley PAC, Roberts FG. Bacteremia with Acinetobacter species: risk factors and prognosis in different clinical settings. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18: 896–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siau H, Yuen Ky, Ho PL, Wong SY, Woo RCY. Acinetobacter bacteremia in HongKong: prospective study and review. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: 26–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz J, Nunez ML, Perez J, Simarro E, Martinez-Compos L, Gomez J. Evolution of resistance among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter over a 6-year period. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 18: 292–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicoletti G, Stefani S. Survey on antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative non-fermentative bacteria other than Pseudomonas in Italy. J Chemother 1994: 6: 20–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarpelle EC, Wenger AR, Armitige L. Nosocomial outbreak caused by a multiresistant clone of Acinetobacter baumannii: results of the case-control and molecular epidemi-ologic investigations. Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol 1995; 16: 92–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacock JE, Sarrell L, Sottile FD. Nosocomial respira-tory tract colonization and infection with aminoglycoside resis-tant A. calcoaceticus var. anitratus: epidemiologic character-istics and clinical significance. Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol 1988; 9: 302–308.
   Google Scholar
• Joly-Guillou ML, Valle E, Bergogne-Berezin E, Philippon A. Distribution of beta-lactamases and phenotype analysis in clinical strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. J Antimcrob Chemother 1988; 22: 597–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gehrlein M, Leying H, Cullman W, Wendt S. Imipenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii is due to altered penicillin binding proteins. Chemotherapy 1991; 37: 405–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obara M, Nakkae T. Mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991; 28: 791–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole K, Krebes K, Mc Nally C, Neshat S. Multiple antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: evidence for involvement of an efflux operon. J Bacteriol 1993; 175: 7363–7372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer RC. The emergence of epidemic, multiple antibiotic resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Burkholderia cepacia. J Hosp Infect 1995; 30 (suppl): 453-464.
   Google Scholar
• Vartivatier S, Anaisse E, Bodey G, Sprigg H, Royston K. A changing pattern of susceptibility of Xanthomonas mal-tophilia to antimicrobial agents: implication for therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 624–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saino Y, Inoue M, Mitsuhashi S. Purification and prop-erties of an inducible cephalosporinase from Pseudomonas maltophilia GN 12873. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1984; 25: 362–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradahananga SL, Rowling PJ, Simpson IN, Rayne DJ. Sensitivity of L2-type beta-lactamases from Stenotro-phomonas maltophilia to serine active site beta-lactamase inhibitors. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37: 394–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paton R, Miles RS, Amyes SGB. Biochemical proper-ties of inducible beta-lactamase produced from Xanthomonas maltophilia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 2143–2149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denton M, Kerr KG. Microbiological and clinical aspects of infection associated with Stenotrophomans mal-tophilia. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998; 11: 57–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wayne SJ, Boquest Al, Geddes JE, Tosolini FA. The antibiotic susceptibilities of Xanthomonas maltophilia and their relation to clinical management. Pathology 1994; 26: 321–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdezate S. Vindel A, Baquero F, Canton R. Comparative in vitro activity of quinolones against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 18: 908–911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar