In Vitro Selection of Resistance to Clarithromycin in Streptococcus pneumoniae Clinical Isolates

References

• Felmingham D. Comparative antimicrobial susceptibility of respiratory tract pathogens. Chemotherapy 2004; 50 (Suppl.1): 3-10.
   Google Scholar
• Bozdogan B, Appelbaum PC. Macrolide resistance in Streptococci and Haemophilus influenzae. Clin Lab Med 2004; 24: 455–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones ME, Blosser-Middleton RS, Critchley IA, Karlowsky JA, Thornsberry C, Sahm DF. In vitro susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis: a European multicenter study during 2000-2001. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003; 9: 590–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• File TM. Streptococcus pneumoniae and community acquired pneumonia: a cause of concern. Am J Med 2004; 117 (Suppl 3A): 39S-50S.
   Google Scholar
• Henry M, Leaf HL. Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneu-moniae in community acquired pneumonia. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2003; 5: 230–237.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruinsma N, Kristinsson KG, Bronzwaer S, Schrijnemakers P, Degener J, Tiemersma E, Hryniewicz W, Monen J, Grundmann H. Trends of penicillin and ery-thromycin resistance among invasive Streptococcus pneumo-niae in Europe. J Antimicrob Chemother DOI 10.1093/jac/dkh 458. Adv access 5 November 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Baquero F. Evolving resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae: a link with long-acting macrolide cosumption? J Chemother 1999; 11, 35-43.
   Google Scholar
• Boccia D, Alegiani SS; Pantosti A, Moro ML, Traversa G. The geographic relationship between the use of antimicro-bial drugs and the pattern of resistance for Streptococcus pneumoniae in Italy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 60: 115–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodvold KA, Gotfried MH, Danziger LH, Servi RJ. Intrapulmonary steady state concentrations of clarithromycin and azithromycin in healthy adult volunteers. Antimcrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 1399–1402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel KB, Xuan D, Tessier PR, Russomanno JH, Quintiliani R, Nightingale CH. Comparison of bronchopul-monary pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and azithromycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 2375–2379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin DR, Honeybourne D, Wise R. Pulmonary dis-position of antimicrobial agents: in vivo observations and clini-cal relevance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36: 1171–1175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergogne-Berezin E. Interpretation of pharmacologic data in respiratory tract infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1993; 3: S3–S14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gotfried MH, Danziger LH, Rodvold KA. Steady-state plasma and intrapulmonary concentrations of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in healthy adult subjects. Chest 2001; 119, 1114–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soman A, Honeybourne D, Andrews J, Jevons G, Wise R. Concentrations of moxifloxacin in serum and pulmonary compartments following a single 400mg oral dose in patients undergoing fibre-optic bronchoscopy. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 44, 835–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook PJ, Andrews JM, Woodcock J, Wise R, Honeybourne D. Concentration of amoxycillin and clavulanate in lung compartments in adults without pulmonary infection. Thorax 1994; 49, 1134–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. (2003). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard-Sixth Edition M07-A6. NCCLS, Villanova, PA, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Michéa Hamzehpour M, Kahr A, Pechere JC. In vitro stepwise selection of resistance to quinolones, I3-lactams and amikacin in nosocomial Gram-negative bacilli. Infection 1994; 22, Suppl. 2, S105-10.
   Google Scholar
• Koeth LM, Good CE, Saunders KA, Jakielaszek C. Streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro development of resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefaclor, levofloxacin and azithromycin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2004; 24: 144–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies TA, Dewasse BE, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. In vitro development of resistance to telithromycin (HMR 3647), four macrolides, clindamycin, and pristinamycin in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 44: 414–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies TA, Pankuch GA, Dewasse BE, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. In vitro development of resistance to five quinolones and amoxicillin-clavulanate in Streptococcus pneu-moniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 1177–1182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagai K, Davies TA, Dewasse BE, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Single- and multi-step resistance selection study of gemifloxacin compared with trovafloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 48: 365–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matic V, Kosowska K, Bozdogan B, Kelly LM, Smith K, Ednie LM, Lin G, Credito KL, Clark CL, McGhee P, Pankuch GA, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Antipneumococcal activities of two novel macrolides, GW 773546 and GW 708408, com-pared with those of erythromycin, azithromycin claritromycin, clindamycin and telithromycin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48: 4103-4112.
   Google Scholar
• Drago L, De Vecchi E, Nicola L, Colombo A, Gismondo MR. Selection of resistance of telithromycin against Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and strepto-cocci in comparison with macrolides. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 54: 542–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotfried MH. Comparison of bacteriologic eradication of Streptococcus pneumoniae by clarithromycin and reports of increased antimicrobial resistance. Clin Ther 2000; 22: 2–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tessier PR, Kim MK, Zhou W, Xuan D, Li C, Ye M, Nightingale CH, Nicolau DP. Pharmacodynamic assessment of clarithromycin in a murine model of pneumococcal pneumo-nia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 1425–1434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noreddin A, Roberts D, Nichol K, Wierzbowski A, Hoban DJ, Zhanel GG. Pharmacodynamic modelling of clar-ithromycin against macrolide-resistant [PCR-positive mef(A) or erm(B)] Streptococcus pneumoniae simulating clinically achievable serum and epithelial lining fluid free drug concen-trations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 4029–4034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janoir C, Zeller V, Kitzis MD, Moreau NJ, Gutmann L. High-level fluoroquinolones resistance in Streptococcus pneu-moniae requires mutations in parC and gyrA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 2760–2764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tait-Kamradt A, Davies T, Cronan M, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC, Sutcliffe J. Mutations in the 23S rRNA and ribosomal protein L4 account for resistance in pneumococcal strains selected in vitro by macrolide passage. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 2118–2125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar